মার্কসের পরকীকরণ তত্ত্বের ভূমিকা

gvK©‡mi ciKxKiY Z‡Ë¡i f~wgKv

g~j: RywW K·     Abyev`: m g AvRv`

Avgiv Ggb GKwU `ywbqv‡Z evm Kwi †hLv‡b c~e©eZ©x mgvR¸‡jv‡Z †h cÖvhyw³K AR©bmg~n AKíbxq wQj †m¸‡jv Avgv‡`i nv‡Zi gy‡Vvq; GwU gnvk~b¨ ågY, B›Uvi‡bU Ges ‡R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis‡qi hyM| Zvic‡iI Avgiv Avgv‡`i wb‡R‡`i ˆZixK…Z kw³mg~‡ni m¤§y‡L GZUvB AmnvqZ¡ Abyfe Kwi †h Zvi †Kv‡bv c~e© bwRi wQj bv| c~‡e© KL‡bv Gfv‡e Avgv‡`i kª‡gi dmjmg~n Avgv‡`i AwmÍZ¡‡K AvZswKZ K‡iwb| GwU wbDwK¬q `y‡h©vM, wek¦gq DÂvqb (global warming), Ges A¯¿ cÖwZ‡hvwMZviI hyM| BwZnv‡m cÖ_gev‡ii g‡Zv Avgiv h‡_ó Drcv`b Ki‡Z cvwi Avgv‡`i MÖ‡ni cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki cÖ‡qvRbmg~n ZzóKi‡Y| Zvic‡iI wbhyZ wbhyZ Rxeb `vwi`ª¨ w`‡q iæ× n‡”Q Ges †ivMevjvB w`‡q aŸsm n‡”Q| cÖK…wZ RMr wbqš¿‡Y Avgv‡`i ¶gZv _vKv m‡Ë¡I, Avgv‡`i mgvR AvwacZ¨K„Z nq wbivcËvnxbZv w`‡q, †h‡nZy cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vMmg~‡ni `„k¨Z AcÖwZ‡iva‡hvM¨ ¶gZvmn A_©‰bwZK g›`v Ges mvgwiK msNvZ Rxebmg~n‡K weaŸ¯Í K‡i | hZB Avgv‡`i bMimg~‡n RbmsL¨vi NbZ¡„ AwaKZi n‡”Q, ZZB wew”QbœZv I GKvwKZ¡ w`‡q Avgv‡`i Rxeb ˆewkó¨vwqZ n‡”Q| gvK©‡mi wbKU GB Ø›Ømg~n (contradictions) ZLbB ¯úóZiƒ‡c cÖZxqgvb n‡qwQj, hLb wm‡÷gwU ZLb ch©šÍ bexb wQj| wZwb jÿ¨ K‡ib †h:

GKw`‡K, c~e©Zb gvbe BwZnv‡mi †Kv‡bv hyMB aviYv Ki‡Z cv‡iwb Ggbme wkí I ˆeÁvwbK kw³mg~n Avwe®K…Z n‡”Q| Ab¨w`‡K, cwi¶‡qi (decay) Aw¯ÍZ¡gvb Awfj¶Ymg~n, †ivgvb mvg&ªv‡R¨i wefxwlKv‡KI A‡bK `~i Qvwo‡q †M‡Q| Avgv‡`i mg‡q mewKQyB Gi wecixZ aviYv w`‡q Vvmv| †gwkbvwi w`‡q gvbe kª‡gi n«vmKiY (shortening) I mg„×KiY (fructifying) Avwke©v`cyó, GKB m‡½ j¶¨ Kwi Abvnv‡i g„Zz¨ Ges GwU w`‡q AZ¨vwaK LvUv‡bv| KwZcq A™¢~Z inm¨gq hv`ygš¿ w`‡q m¤ú‡`i bqv-Avwe®K…Z Drmmg~n iƒcviÍwiZ nq Afv‡ei Drmvejx‡Z| wk‡íi (art) Rq PwiÎ nYb w`‡q wµZ e‡j cÖZxqgvb nq|

gvK©m Zuvi ciKxKiY Z‡Ë¡i weKvk NUvb gvbe Kvh©µg‡K (human acitivity) D‡¤§vPbKi‡Y, hv mgv‡R AvwacZ¨Kvix `„k¨Z ˆbe©¨w³K kw³mg~‡ni †cQ‡b wµqvkxj| wZwb †`Lvb Kxfv‡e, hw`I Avgiv †h mgv‡R evm Kwi Zvi gyLveqemg~n (aspects) ¯^vfvweK (natural) Ges Avgv‡`i †_‡K ¯^vaxb e‡j cÖZxqgvb, †m¸‡jv c~e©Zb gvbe Kg©mg~‡ni (human actions) dmj| †hgbwU nv‡½wiq gvK©mev`x wMIwM© jyKvP e‡jb gvK©‡mi ZË¡ ÔmvgvwRK cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni Abgbxq, A‰bwZnvwmK (unhistorical), ¯^vfvweK Dcw¯’wZ‡K LvwiR K‡i; GwU Zv‡`i HwZnvwmK Drmmg~n‡K cÖKvk K‡i Ges GRb¨ †`Lvq †h HwZnvwmK Ae¶qmn cÖ‡Z¨K †¶‡Î Zviv BwZnv‡mi AbyeZ©xÕ|  gvK©m †KejgvÎ GwUB †`Lvb bv †h AZx‡Z gvbe Kg© AvaywbK `ywbqv‡K m„wó K‡iwQj, m‡½ m‡½ GwUI †`Lvb †h gvbe Kg© cyuwRZ‡š¿i AmsMwZ gy³ GKwU fwel¨r `ywbqv‡KI iƒc w`‡Z cv‡i| Zviv †h mgv‡R evm K‡i †mwU Øviv  gvbweK mË¡vmg~n Kxfv‡e iƒc cvq, wKš‘ Kxfv‡e Zviv wµqv Ki‡Z cv‡i H mgvR‡K cwieZ©bKi‡Y, Kxfv‡e RbMY GKB m‡½ Ô`ywbqv w`‡q wba©vwiZÕ (world determined) Ges Ô`ywbqv ˆZixKvixÕ (world producing), gvK©m G m¤úwK©Z e¯‘ev`x Z‡Ë¡i weKvk NUvb| gvK©‡mi †¶‡Î,  ciKxKiY g‡b A_ev a‡g© †cÖvw_Z bq, †hwU Zuvi c~e©m~ix †n‡Mj I dz‡qievL m¤ú‡K© cÖ‡hvR¨ wQj| cwie‡Z© ciKxKiY‡K eyS‡Zb Ggb GKUv welqiƒ‡c hv e¯‘ RM‡Z †cÖvw_Z| ciKxKiY A_© wbqš¿Y nvwb (loss of control), we‡klZ kª‡gi Ici wbqš¿Y nvwb|

 gvK©‡mi ciKxKiY Z‡Ë¡ ‡Kb kªg G ai‡Yi †K›`ªxq fywgKv cvjb K‡i, Zv Dcjw× Ki‡Z n‡j Avgv‡`i cÖ_g bRi w`‡Z n‡e gbyl¨ ¯^fve m¤ú‡K© gvK©‡mi aviYvejx‡Z|

gbyl¨ ¯^fve Kx?

gvby‡li GKwU Abp ¯^fve i‡q‡Q, gvbyl †h mgv‡R evm K‡i †mB mgvR †_‡K ¯^vaxbfv‡e Zv Aw¯ÍZ¡gvb Ñ GB Kgb †mÝ AvBwWqvwUi gvK©m we‡ivwaZv K‡ib| wZwb †`Lvb †h AcwieZ©bxq gbyl¨ ¯^fv‡e Av‡ivcK…Z ˆewkó¨mg~‡ni A‡bK¸‡jvB wfbœ wfbœ mgvRmg~‡n cÖK…Zc‡¶ wekvjfv‡e cwiewZ©Z nq| hv‡nvK, gvK©m gbyl¨ ¯^fv‡ei ¯^qs aviYv cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡ibwb| wZwb hyw³ †`b †h gbyl¨ cÖ‡qvRbmgy‡ni cwiZzwó‡Z cÖK…wZi Ici kª‡gi cÖ‡qvRbB †KejgvÎ mKj gvbe mgv‡Ri GKgvÎ msMwZc~Y© ˆewkó¨, Ôgvbe Aw¯Í‡Z¡i wbišÍi cÖK…wZ KZ…©K Av‡ivwcZ kZ©Õ| Ab¨ mKj cÖvYxi gZB †eu‡P _vK‡Z gvbe mË¡vmg~n‡K Aewk¨ cÖK…wZi Ici KvR Ki‡Z nq| Zvic‡iI, cÖvYxmg~‡ni kªg †_‡K gvby‡li kªg c„_K, KviY gvbe mË¡v ‡PZbv (consciousness) weKwkZ K‡i| cyuwRi cÖvi‡¤¢ gvK©m G m¤ú‡K© GKwU weL¨vZ eY©bv †`b:

GKwU gvKomvi Kv‡Ri m‡½ GKRb ZuvZxi Kv‡Ri mv`„k¨ we`¨gvb, Ges GKwU †gŠgvwQ A‡bK ¯’vcZ¨we`‡K j¾vq wbcwZZ K‡i Zvi Pv‡Ki cÖ‡Kvômg~‡ni wbgv©‡b| wKš‘ me‡P‡q wbK…ó GKRb ¯’vcZ¨we‡`i m‡½ ‡gŠgvwQmg~‡ni g‡a¨Kvi †miv †gŠgvwQwUi †hwU cv_©K¨ Zv n‡jv ¯’vcZ¨we` Zvi KvVv‡gvwU Kíbvq wewbg©vb K‡ib ev¯Í‡e iƒcvq‡bi c~‡e©B| cÖ‡Z¨KwU kªg-cÖwµqv †k‡l, Avgiv GKwU dj cvB hv B‡Zvg‡a¨ Aw¯ÍZ¡gvb wQj Gi cÖvi‡¤¢  kªwg‡Ki Kíbv‡Z|

gvK©‡mi aviYvejx m¤ú‡K© GKwU Dc‡hvMx AeZiwYKv n‡jv How to Read Karl Marx, G‡Z Av‡b©÷ wdkvi (Ernst Fischer) gvbe kª‡gi PgrKvixZ¡ Kx Zv eY©bv K‡ib| wZwb e¨vL¨v K‡ib Kxfv‡e, KviY Avgiv cÖK…wZi Ici KvR Kwi m‡PZbfv‡e, Avgv‡`i mdjZvmg~‡ni Ici Avgiv wbg©vY Kwi Ges Avgv‡`i †h mg¯Í wRwbm `iKvi †m¸‡jv Drc‡bœi Rb¨  bZzb c×wZmg~n weKwkZ Kwi| Zvi A_© n‡jv Avgv‡`i BwZnvm Av‡Q, Ab¨w`‡K cÖvwY‡`i BwZnvm †bB| ÔcÖvwYi cÖRvwZ-‰ewkó¨ n‡jv wPiKvwjb cybive„wË, gvby‡li ‰ewkó¨ n‡jv iƒcvšÍi, weKvk I cwieZ©bÕ|

cÖK…wZi Ici KvR K‡i †KejgvÎ cÖK…wZ RMr‡KB cwieZ©b K‡i bv, mv‡_ mv‡_ kªwgK wb‡R‡KI cwieZ©b K‡i| gvK©m gv‡S gv‡SB GB aviYvwU‡Z †Rvi w`‡Zb, cyuwR †_‡K wb‡¤œv³ DׄwZ Abymv‡i: ÔGfv‡e evwn¨K `ywbqvi (external world) Ici KvR K‡i Ges G‡K cwieZ©b K‡i, †m GKB mv‡_ Zvi wb‡Ri ¯^fv‡ei cwieZ©b NUvq| wZwb weKwkZ K‡ib Zvi wekªv‡gi ¶gZvmg~n‡K Ges Zv‡`i‡K eva¨ K‡ib Zvi wbqš¿vax‡b KvRKi‡Y|Õ GBfv‡e kªg GKwU MwZkxj cÖwµqv hvi gva¨‡g kªwgK `ywbqv‡K iƒc †`q Ges M‡owc‡U †Zv‡j, hv‡Z wZwb evm K‡ib Ges m„R‡b I Avwe®‹v‡i wb‡R‡K D¾xweZ K‡ib| gvK©m m‡PZb kª‡gi Rb¨ Avgv‡`i m¶gZv‡K e‡jb Avgv‡`i ÔcÖRvwZ ¯^Ë¡vÕ (species being)|

Avgv‡`i cÖRvwZ mË¡v GKwU mvgvwRZ mË¡vI e‡U, †hgbwU gvK©m e¨vL¨v K‡ib A_©‰bwZK I `vk©wbK cvÛywjwc‡Z (1844)| Ôe¨w³ n‡jv mvgvwRK mË¡vÕ| gvbylRb‡K G‡K Ac‡ii mv‡_ m¤úK©mg~‡n cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z nq Zv‡`i e¨w³K AMÖvwaKvi wbi‡c¶fv‡e, KviY Zv‡`i †eu‡P _vK‡Z hv `iKvi Zv †c‡Z Zv‡`i KvR Ki‡Z nq GK‡Î| Grundrisse G gvK©m ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc K‡ib GB wel‡q: ÔmgvR e¨w³mg~n‡K (individuals) wb‡q MwVZ bq; GwU ms‡hvMmg~n I m¤úK©mg~‡ni mgwó‡K cÖKvk K‡i hv‡Z e¨w³ gvbylMY Zv‡`i‡K †`L‡Z cvqÕ| gvbeZv †fŠZ RM‡Zi m‡½ m¤úwK©Z kª‡gi gva¨‡g, kª‡gi gva¨‡g ¯^qs gvbeZv weKwkZ nq Ges kªg n‡jv gvbe mË¡vmg~‡ni G‡Ki mv‡_ Ac‡ii m¤úK©mg~‡ni Drm| myZivs, Kv‡Ri cÖwµqv‡Z hv N‡U, Zvi GKwU wm×vwšÍK cÖfve we`¨gvb mgMÖ mgv‡Ri Ici|

Kxfv‡e Avgiv KvR Kwi Zvi DbœwZ K‡i Ges Avgv‡`i mdjZvmg~‡ni Ici wfwË K‡i, Avgv‡`i KvR Kievi mvg_©, Drcvw`Kv kw³mg~‡ni µgea©gvb weKv‡ki w`‡K avweZKi‡Yi cÖeYZvq ch©ewmZ nq| Ggb GKwU weKvk †kªYx mgv‡Ri Rb¥ †`q| hLb mgvR DØ„Ë Drcv`‡b mg_© nq, ZLb GKwU †kªYxi DÌvb m¤¢e nq, †hwU mivmwi Drcv`‡bi cÖ‡qvRb †_‡K gy³ Ges Ab¨‡`i kª‡gi Ici Gi wbqš¿Y cÖwZwôZ K‡i GwU †eu‡Pe‡Z© _vK‡Z cv‡i| Drcvw`Kv kw³mg~‡ni weKvk Ges wbqš¿‡Y GB cÖwµqvwUi cÖ‡qvRb wQj, wKš‘ GwU GB A_©I cÖKvk K‡i †h mgv‡Ri msL¨vMwiôRb, Drcv`Ke„›` Zv‡`i kª‡gi Ici wbqš¿Y nvivq| GBfv‡e, †kªYx mgv‡Ri m‡½ kª‡gi ciKxKi‡Yi DÌvb N‡U, Ges Av‡b©÷ wdkvi GKwU cÖwZfvgwÛZ weeiY †`b Kxfv‡e GwU kª‡gi Amxg m¤¢vebv‡K Dwë‡q †`q:

cÖ_g nvwZqvi Gi †fZ‡i aviY K‡i mKj m¤¢vebvgq fwel¨r| NUbvi cÖ_g ¯^xK…wZ GB †h m‡PZb Kg©h‡Ái (conscious activity) gva¨‡g `ywbqv‡K cwieZ©b Kiv hvq, hv‡Z mKj fwel¨r wbwnZ _v‡K, hw`I ARvbv, wKš‘ Awbevh© cwieZ©b| GK`v Zvi nvZ, Zvi ax kw³, Ges Zvi Kíbvi Kg©h‡Ái gva¨‡g RxešÍ mË¡v (living being) Avi¤¢ K‡i cÖK…wZ‡K Zvi wb‡Ri AwaKv‡i wb‡Z, †mwUi KL‡bv weiwZ NU‡e bv| cÖ‡Z¨KwU AR©b AwRZ Kg©‡¶‡Îi `iRv D‡¤§vPb K‡i| .... wKš‘ hLb kªg aŸsmvZ¥K, m„Rbkxj bq, hLb GwUi m~ÎcvZ nq `gbbxwZi Aax‡b Ges kw³mg~‡ni gy³ AskMÖnY wn‡m‡e bq, hLb Gi A_© n‡jv gvby‡li ˆ`wnK I ‡eŠw×K m¤¢vebvi ﮋxKiY (withering), wKš‘ cÖwZkÖæwZkxj (flowering) bq, ZLb kªg n‡jv Gi wb‡Ri bxwZ Ges AZGe gbyl¨ bxwZi cÖZ¨vL¨vb|  

‡kªYx wefvRbmg~‡ni DÌvb hv‡Z mgv‡Ri cÖ‡qvRbxq Drcv`b mvwa‡Îi Ici GKwU †kªYxi nv‡Z wbqš¿Y we`¨gvb _v‡K, GwU avweZ K‡i e¨w³mg~n Ges mgvR hv‡Z Zviv AšÍf©y³ Zv‡`i g‡a¨Kvi AwaK wefvR‡b| mgvR Rxe‡bi KwZcq iƒcmg~n Ô¯^qs (self), e¨w³ Ges m¤cÖ`vq (communal) Gi `ywU e¨wßi (dimensions) g‡a¨ GKwU mxgvbv (wedge) ˆZix K‡iÕ, e¨w³¯^v_©mg~n Ges mvgwMÖKfv‡e mgv‡Ri ¯^v_©mg~‡ni g‡a¨ GKwU we‡”Q` (separation) m„wó K‡i| cÖ‡Z¨KwU †kªYx mgv‡R ciKxKiY AcwieZ©bxqfv‡e Aw¯ÍZ¡gvb, Zvic‡iI GwU AcwieZ©bxq gvbe Ae¯’v (human condition) bq|

ciKxKiY Ges cyuwRZš¿: cÖZ¨vwkZ

mvgšÍ mgv‡R gvbylRb ZLb ch©šÍ cÖvK…wZK RMr wbqš¿‡Yi Dcvqmg~n weKwkZ Ki‡Z cv‡iwb, A_ev `ywf©¶ †_‡K gyw³ †c‡Z h‡_ó Drcv`b Ki‡Z cv‡iwb, A_ev †ivM wbivg‡q| mKj mvgvwRK m¤úK©mg~n Ôwbqwš¿Z n‡Zv kª‡gi Drcv`bkxj ¶gZvmg~‡ni GKwU wb¤œ¯Í‡ii weKvk w`‡q Ges m¤úK©hy³fv‡e Zv‡`i e¯‘MZ Rxe‡bi m„Rb I cybiærcv`‡bi cÖwµqvi Af¨šÍ‡i gvbylR‡bi g‡a¨Kvi mxwgZ m¤úK©mg~n, A_©vr gvbyl I cÖK…wZi g‡a¨Kvi mxwgZ m¤ú©Kmg~n w`‡qÕ| Rwg wQ‡jv Drcv`‡bi Drm, Ges GwU Ggbfv‡e mvgšÍ-Rwg`vwi cÖ_v‡K (feudal-manorial system) KZ…©Z¡ Ki‡Zv †h gvbylRb wb‡R‡`i e¨w³ wn‡m‡e bv †`‡L eis Rwgi m‡½ m¤úwK©Z wn‡m‡e †`L‡Zv| gvK©m GwU A_©‰bwZK I `vk©wbK cvÛywjwc‡Z eY©bv K‡ib:

mvgšÍ fywggvwjKvbvq ciKxK…Z kw³ wn‡m‡e gvby‡li Ici Rwgi AvwacZ¨ Avgiv B‡Zvg‡a¨ ‡`L‡Z cvB| mvd© n‡jv Rwg mswkøó cÖc (appurtenance)| GKBfv‡e ˆR¨ôZ¡ gva¨‡g Iqvwim, cÖ_g cÖK…wZMZ mšÍvb, Rwgi ¯^Ë¡vaxb| GwU Zv‡K DËivwaKvix K‡i| e¨w³MZ m¤úwËi kvmb ïiæ nq Rwg‡Z m¤úwËmn †hwU Gi wfwË|

Rwgi gvwjKvbv wbf©ikxj wQj DËivwaKvi Ges i³m~‡Îi Ici: Avcbvi ÔRb¥Õ Avcbvi wbqwZ‡K wbiƒcY Ki‡e| cÖ_g w`KKvi GKwU †jLvq gvK©m eY©bv K‡ib Kxfv‡e ÔZv‡`i i‡³ AvwfRvZZ‡š¿i †MŠie, Zv‡`i esk µgvMg (descent), ms‡¶‡c kix‡ii D™¢eweÁvb (genealogy of the body) Gi h_vh_ weÁvb we`¨gvb KzjZ‡Ë¡ (heraldry)| AwfRvZZ‡š¿i inm¨ n‡jv cÖvwYweÁvbÕ| GwU wQj †mB cÖvwYwe`¨v hv Avcbvi Rxeb Ges Ab¨‡`i m‡½ Avcbvi m¤úK©mg~n wba©vwiZ K‡iwQj| GKw`‡K, Drcvw`Kv kw³mg~‡ni wb¤œ¯Í‡ii A_© n‡jv K…lK‡`i Rb¨ Aweivg kªg (constant labour), hLb Ab¨w`‡K, mvgšÍ jW©MY Ges wMR©vi Kg©KZ©ve„›` Zviv hv PvB‡Zb ZvB †Rvi K‡i K…lK‡`i wbKU †_‡K wb‡Zb|

GBfv‡e Drcvw`Kv kw³mg~‡ni wbPz gvÎv †_‡K, Rwg‡Z gvby‡li Aaxb¯’Zv †_‡K Ges mvgšÍ kvmK‡kªYxi AvwacZ¨ †_‡K ciKxKi‡Yi DÌvb N‡U| K…lK RbMY wb‡R‡`i Rwg‡Z KvR K‡i Ges Zv‡`i wb‡R‡`i ¯^vaxb cwievwiK GKKmg~‡n †hmg¯— wRwb‡mi cÖ‡qvRb ZvB Zviv Drcv`b K‡i| Ôhw` GKRb gvbyl Rwg‡Z euvav _v‡K, ZLb RwgwUI gvbylR‡bi wbKU euvav _v‡K| . . . . Zv‡`i kª‡g Drcbœ `ª‡e¨i AšÍZ 50%, KL‡bv KL‡bv 60 Ges 70% ga¨ hy‡Mi K…lKMY, Ges GgbwK fywg`vmM‡Yi AwaKv‡i _vK‡ZvÕ| mvgšÍ mgv‡R mvgvwRK m¤úK©mg~n wQ‡jv AvwacZ¨ I Aaxb¯’Zvi m¤úK©mg~n, wKš‘ †m¸‡jv wQ‡jv wbwðZfv‡eB e¨w³mg~‡ni g‡a¨Kvi mvgvwRK m¤úK©vejx| cyuwR‡Z gvK©m eY©bv K‡ib †h Kxfv‡e Ô Zv‡`i kª‡gi cwi‡ekbvq e¨w³M‡Yi g‡a¨Kvi mvgvwRK m¤úK©vejxi djvdj hvB †nvK bv †Kb cÖZxqgvb nq Zv‡`i wb‡R‡`i cvi¯úwiK e¨w³MZ m¤úK©vejx wn‡m‡e, Ges kª‡gi Drcv`mg~‡ni g‡a¨Kvi mvgvwRK m¤ú‡K©i iƒ‡ci QÙ‡e‡k bq|    

hv‡nvK, mvgšÍZ‡š¿i cÖwZeÜKZvmg~n cyuwRZ‡š¿i MwZZË¡ †_‡K LyeB c„_K| ey‡R©vqv‡kªYx Ggb GKwU mgvR Pvq hv‡Z UvKvi Rb¨ mewKQyB µq-weµq Kiv hvq: ÔweµqKiY n‡jv ciKxKi‡Yi Abykxjb Õ| G ai‡Yi mgv‡Ri m„wó wbf©i K‡i mvaviY Rwgi Ici wbôzi `Lj`vwiZ¡| Gi A_© GB †h, cÖ_gev‡ii g‡Zv, Drcv`b I DcRxweKvi Dcvqmg~‡ni Ici mgv‡Ri AwaKvs‡ki mivmwi cÖ‡ekvvwaKvi A¯^xKvi Kiv nq, GBfv‡e fywgnxb kªgRxwe †kªYxi DrcwË nq hv‡`i‡K ‡eu‡P _vK‡Z ‡kvl‡Yi GKwU bZzb  dig, gRywi kª‡gi wbKU AvZ¥mgc©Y Ki‡Z nq| cyuwRZ‡š¿ Ôgvbyl, Drcv`b hš¿mg~n Ges Drcv`‡bi e¯‘mg~‡ni g‡a¨ GKwU †gŠwjK cwieZ©bÕ RwoZ _v‡K| GB †gŠwjK cwieZ©bmg~‡ni A_© n‡jv Rxe‡bi cÖ‡Z¨KwU w`‡Ki iƒcvšÍi msNUb| GgbwK mg‡qi aviYviI (concept) Avgyj cwieZ©b msNwUZ nq Ggbfv‡e †h, Nwo¸‡jv hv wQj m‡Z‡iv kZ‡K †Ljbv, ZvB n‡q `uvovq kªgmg‡qi cwigvcK A_ev AjmZvi cwigvY wbY©‡qi Dcvq wn‡m‡e, ÔKv‡Ri ‰bwZKZvi Rb¨ Ges wkík„•Ljvq cÖ‡qvRbxq mgqvbyeZ©xZvi Af¨v‡mi Rb¨ wgwbUmg~n I N›Uvmg~‡ni GKwU wegyZ© cwigvc‡Yi ¸iæ‡Z¡i Kvi‡YÕ|  

Kx Zviv ˆZix K‡i, Kxfv‡e Zviv cQ›` K‡i- GB welq¸‡jv‡Z gvbyl wewa-e¨e¯’v Kievi AwaKvi Avi Dc‡fvM K‡i bv: Zviv Zv‡`i kª‡gi Drcv` †_‡K c„_KxK…Z n‡q c‡o| wcUvi jvBbevD (Peter Linebaugh) AvVv‡iv kZ‡Ki jÛ‡bi BwZnvm m¤ú‡K© The London Hanged†j‡Lb| G‡Z wZwb e¨vL¨v K‡ib  †h Zviv hv Drcbœ K‡ib, ZviB cÖfy e‡j kªwg‡Kiv wb‡R‡`i MY¨ K‡ib| G‡Z AvVv‡iv kZ‡Ki †kl w`‡K e„nr cwim‡i GKwU ÔwePviwefvMxq AvµgYÕ-Gi gZb (judicial onslaught) `gbbxwZi `iKvi c‡o Zv‡`i †evSv‡Z †h Zviv hv Drcbœ K‡i Zv‡Z GK‡PwUqvfv‡e gvwjKvbv we`¨gvb GKgvÎ cyuwRcwZ‡`iB hviv d¨v±wimg~‡ni gvwjK| AvVv‡iv kZ‡K AwaKvsk kÖwgK‡K GK‡PwUqvfv‡e UvKvq cvIbv cwi‡kva Kiv n‡Zv bv| ÔGwU mZ¨ wQ‡jv iƒk fywg`vm kªwgK, gvwK©b `vm kªwgK, AvBwik K…wl kªwgK Ges jÛb †UªWmg~‡n †g‡UªvcwjUvb kªwgK‡`i †¶‡ÎÕ| hv‡nvK Dwbk kZK bvMv`, cwi‡kv‡ai Ab¨ mKj iƒc‡K gRywi kªg cÖwZ¯’vwcZ K‡i| Gi A_© kªg GLb evRv‡i weµq‡hvM¨ cY¨| cyuwRcwZ‡kªYx Ges kªwgK‡kªYx AvbyôvwbKfv‡e G‡K Aci †_‡K ¯^vaxb, wKš‘ ev¯Í‡e Zviv A‡”Q`iƒ‡c mshy³| Drcv`b Avi evwo‡Z msNwUZ bv n‡q d¨v±wimg~‡n m¤úbœ nq †hLv‡b k„•Ljvi bZzb e¨e¯’vmg~n wµqvkxj| d¨v±wimg~‡n kª‡gi hš¿xKiY (mechanisation) ‡gwkbmg~‡ni mv‡_ gvby‡hi m¤ú‡K©i iƒcvšÍi msNwUZ K‡i, Ôgvbe D™¢vebKzkjZvi H D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Drcv`mg~n, kªwgK‡`i wec‡¶ RyjygevwRi Dr‡m cwiYZ nqÕ| cyuwR‡Z gvK©m KvwiMi I wgw¯¿‡`i (craftsmen and artisans) KvR‡K Zzjbv K‡ib d¨v±wi kªwgK‡`i Kv‡Ri m‡½|

n¯’wkí I g¨vbyd¨vKPv‡i IqvK©g¨vb nvwZqv‡ii  mبenvi K‡i, wKš‘ d¨v±wi‡Z ‡gwkb Zv‡K mبenvi K‡i| †mLv‡b kª‡gi h‡š¿i MwZ Zvi wbKU †_‡K AMÖmi nq, GLv‡b †gwk‡bi MwZ‡KB Zv‡K Aewk¨ AbymiY Ki‡Z nq| g¨vbyd¨vKPv‡i IqvK©g¨v‡biv GKwU RxešÍ †gKvwbR‡gi Ask| d¨v±wi‡Z we`¨gvb †gKvwbRg cÖvYnxb Ges IqvK©g¨vb †_‡K ¯^vaxb, GLv‡b IqvK©g¨v‡biv wbQK GKwU  RxešÍ Abyl½| d¨v±wi ‡cÖvWvKk‡bi me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© I aŸsmvZ¥K ˆewkó¨mg~‡ni GKwU wQj kªg wefvM (division of labour)| cyuwRZ‡š¿i c~‡e© kª‡gi mvgvwRK wefvM we`¨gvb wQj, †mLv‡b Drcv`b ev n¯’wk‡íi wewfbœ kvLvq wewfbœ gvbylRb RwoZ wQj| cuywRZ‡š¿i mv‡_ mv‡_ Drcv`‡bi cÖ‡Z¨KwU kvLvi Af¨šÍ‡i kª‡gi we¯Z…Z wefv‡Mi D™¢e N‡U| kª‡gi GB wefv‡Mi A_© n‡jv kªwgK RbMY‡K wbw`©ó Kg©mg~‡n, GKmvwi ¶z`vªvwqZ Kg©Kv‡Û (atomised activities) we‡klvwqZ n‡Z nq, ‡h¸‡jv Ab¨ me¸‡jvi wewbg‡q gvbe ¶gZvmg~‡ni †Kej GKwU ev `ywU w`K ev¯ÍevwqZ K‡i| n¨vwi †eªfvig¨vb GB wefv‡Mi djvdjmg~n ‡`Lvb: Ôhw`I kª‡gi mvgvwRK wefvM mgvR‡K Av‡iv wef³ K‡i, kª‡gi we¯Z…Z wefvM gvbylRb‡K Av‡iv wef³ K‡i, Ges hw`I mgv‡Ri DcwefvRb e¨w³ I cÖRvwZ‡K weKwkZ Ki‡Z cv‡i, e¨w³i DcwefvRb hLb msNwUZ nq gvbe mvg_©vejx Ges cÖ‡qvRbvejx we‡ePbv bv K‡iB, ZLb GwU e¨w³ I gvbeZvi weiæ‡× AcivaÕ| Dwbk kZ‡Ki wkívq‡bi mgv‡jvPK Rb ivmwKb GKB ai‡bi gšÍe¨ K‡ib hLb wZwb ‡j‡Lb †h kªg wefvM GKwU åvšÍ c` KviY GwU‡Z gbyl¨Rb wef³|

GB e¨e¯’v‡Z kªwgK‡kªYx ewa©Zfv‡e cyuwRcwZ †Mvôxi Ici wbf©ikxj n‡q c‡o, hviv Drcv`b mvwa‡Îi gvwjK| wVK †hgwb kªwgK, ‡eŠw×K I ˆ`wnK GB Dfqfv‡e †gwk‡bi ¯Í‡i wcó, Ges gvbyl¨ mË¡v †_‡K †m GKwU wegyZ© mwµqZv Ges GKwU D`‡i cwiYZ nq, †Zgwb evRvi g~‡j¨ cÖ‡Z¨KwU Aw¯’iZv, cyuwRi wewb‡qvM Ges m¤ú`kvjx‡`i evwZ‡Ki Ici †m Av‡iv †ewk K‡i wbf©ikxj n‡q c‡oÕ| cyuwRZš¿ †_‡K ¯^vaxbfv‡e †eu‡P _vKv kªwgK‡kªYxi Rb¨ Am¤¢e: KvR Kivi A_© n‡jv gvbe †gwk‡b iƒcvšÍiY:  KvR †_‡K ewÂZ A_© RxweZ g„Z| KvR e¨wZZ, hw` cyuwR Zvi Rb¨ Aw¯ÍZ¡gvb nIqv †_‡K weiwZ †`q, gvK©m hyw³ †`b †h kªwgK Ggb wK wb‡R‡K RxešÍ KeiI w`‡Z cv‡i: ÔcyuwRi Aw¯ÍZ¡B Zvi Aw¯ÍZ¡, Zvi Rxeb; KviY GwU Zvi Rxe‡bi Avavi wbiƒcY K‡i Zvi †_‡K wb¯ú„n †_‡KÕ| Avi †Kv‡bv cQ›` RwoZ †bBÑ KvR n‡jv DØZ©‡bi welq| ZvB kªg n‡q `uvovq eva¨Zvg~jK kªg, Avcwb KvR bv KivUv †e‡Q wb‡Z cv‡ib bv, Avcwb Kx ˆZwi Ki‡eb, Zv Avcwb †e‡Q wb‡Z cvi‡eb bv, Ges Kxfv‡e Avcwb ‰Zwi Ki‡eb ZvI †e‡Q wb‡Z cvi‡eb bv| gvK©m j¶¨ K‡ib:

NUbv GB †h kªg kªwgK †_‡K ewnt¯’, GwU Zvi Acwinvh© mË¡vi (essential being) AšÍfy©³ bq| ZvB †m wb‡‡R‡K Zvi Kv‡R `„pfv‡e w¯’i Ki‡Z cv‡i bv, wKš‘ wb‡R‡K A¯^xK…wZ Ávcb K‡i, `y`©kvMÖ¯’ I AmyLx Abyfe K‡i Ges, †m gy³ gvbwmK I ˆ`wnK kw³ weKwkZ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv, wKš‘ K…”QZv mvab K‡i Ges Zvi gb‡K aŸsm K‡i| Kv‡RB kªwgK wb‡R‡K ZLwb Abyfe K‡i hLb †m KvR K‡i bv| hLb †m KvR K‡i ZLb wb‡R‡K Abyfe K‡i bv| hLb †m KvR K‡i bv ZLb †m ¯^w¯’‡Z _v‡K, Ges ¯^w¯’‡Z _v‡K bv hLb KvR K‡i| Kv‡RB Zvi kªg †¯^”QvcÖ‡Yvw`Z bq eis Rei`w¯Íg~jK (forced), GwU Rei`w¯Íg~jK kªg| myZivs GwU GKwU cÖ‡qvR‡bi cwiZ…wß bq, eis ¯^qsmË¡vi (itself) evB‡i cÖ‡qvRb cwiZ…wßi Dcvq| Gi ciKxK…Z ˆewkó¨ ¯úófv‡e cÖ`wk©Z nq GB  NUbv w`‡q †h hLwb ‰`wnK ev Ab¨ eva¨evaKZv (compulsion) Abw¯ÍZ¡gvb, ZLb GwU gnvgvixi gZ `~‡i _v‡K|

d¨v±wi wm‡÷‡g kª‡gi AskKi‡bi (fragmentation of labour) Avi GKwU w`K we`¨gvb| ÔIqvK©k‡c fMœvswkK KvR m¤úv`Kvix ¶z`ª kªwgK (detail labourer) m„wói A_© n‡jv GB †h g~j¨-Drcv`bKvix †kªYx †hŠ‡_ cwiYZ, †h‡nZz †Kv‡bv kªwgKB GKwU mgMÖ cY¨ ‰Zix K‡i bvÕ| Drcv`‡bi cyuwRZvwš¿K iƒ‡ci weiæ‡× Aweivg msMÖv‡g Ges ‡gwkb KZ…©K wbqwš¿Z nIqvi †P‡q eis kªwgK †kªYx KZ©„K †gwk‡bi Ici wbqš¿‡Yi AwaKv‡ii `vwei cybt cybt cÖ‡Póvmg~‡n GB †hŠ_Zv wb‡R‡K cÖKvk K‡i, me‡P‡q PgrKvifv‡e GwU †`Lv hvq Ewbk kZ‡Ki cÖ_g w`‡Ki jywWU we‡`ªv‡n, GB we‡`ªvnwU GZB we¯Z…Z wQj †h IqvUvijy‡Z I‡qwjsU‡bi m‡½ hy‡× ‡gvZv‡qbK…Z ‰m‡b¨i †_‡K GwU `g‡b AwaK †mbv †gvZvqb Kiv nq|

ciKxKi‡Yi PviwU w`K  

cuywRZ‡š¿i weKvk AcÖwZ‡iva¨ cÖgvwYZ nq Ges GwU ‡h †¯‹‡j ciKxKiY wb‡q Av‡m Zv c~‡e© AKíbxq wQj| Zuvi A_©‰bwZK Ges `vk©wbK cvÛywjwc‡Z (GwU 1844, ev c¨vwim cvÛywjwc bv‡K L¨vZ) gvK©m PviwU mywbw`©ó c×wZ wPwýZ K‡ib hv‡Z ciKxKiY cyuwRZvwš¿K mgv‡R cwie¨vß nq|

kª‡gi Drcv`: kªwgK †h e¯‘wU ˆZwi K‡ib Zv †_‡K wZwb ciKxK…Z KviY GwU AwaK…Z Ges e›UbK…Z nq Aci, A_©vr cyuwRcwZ w`‡q| mKj mgv‡R RbMY Zv‡`i m„Rbkxj mvg_©¨vejx e¨envi K‡i `ªe¨m¤¢vi Drcv`‡b, †h¸‡jv Zviv e¨envi K‡i, wewbgq K‡i A_ev weµq K‡i| cyuwRZ‡š¿i Aax‡b, hv‡nvK, GwU GKwU ciKxK…Z Kg©KvÛ n‡q `uvovq KviY ÔkªwgK †h `ªe¨mvgMÖx Drcbœ K‡i ‡m¸‡jv †m e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡i bv †eu‡P _vK‡Z A_ev Av‡iv Drcv`bkxj Kg©Kv‡Û wb‡qvwRZ _vK‡Z| . . . kªwg‡Ki cÖ‡qvRb, GUv †Kv‡bv welq bv Zv KZUv Zxeª, Zv‡K AwaKvi †`qwb Zvi nvZ hv ˆZix K‡i Zvi Ici `Lj ejer ivL‡Z, KviY Zvi mKj Drcbœ `ªe¨mvgMÖx Ac‡ii m¤úwËÕ| GBfv‡e kªwgK RbMY evRv‡ii Rb¨ A_©Kix dmj Drcbœ K‡i hLb Zviv Acywó‡Z †fv‡M, evwoNi ˆZix K‡i hv‡Z Zviv †Kv‡bvw`b emevm Ki‡e bv, gUiMvwo ‰Zwi K‡i hv Zviv KL‡bv µq Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv, RyZv ‰Zwi K‡i hv Zviv cwiav‡b Amg_©, Ges Av‡iv KZwKQy|  

gvK©m hyw³ †`b †h kÖwgK hv Drcbœ K‡i Zv †_‡K Zvi ciKxKiY Zxeª nq KviY kª‡gi Drcv`mg~n cÖK…Zc‡¶ kªwg‡Ki Ici AvwacZ¨ ïiæ K‡i| gvK©‡mi g~j¨ Z‡Ë¡i Ici Zvi cÖwZfv`xß iPbv‡Z, AvB AvB iæweb cY¨mg~‡ni Drcv`‡bi msL¨vMZ I ¸YMZ w`‡Ki msw¶ßmvi K‡ib| cÖ_gZt kªwgK †h g~j¨ m„Rb K‡i Zv‡K Zvi †_‡K Kg cwi‡kva Kiv nq| ‡m hv Drcbœ K‡i Zvi GKUv Ask Zvi gvwjK AvZ¥mvr K‡ib| myZivs kªwgK †kvwlZ nb| ¸bMZfv‡e, wZwb ‡h `ªe¨ ‰Zix K‡ib Zvi Ici wZwb m„Rbkxj kªgI Av‡ivc K‡ib, GwU‡K cÖwZ¯’vwcZ Ki‡Z Zv‡K m„Rbkxj kªg ‡`Iqv nq bv| †hgbwU iæweb e¨vL¨v K‡ib, ÔZvi m„Rbkxj ¶gZvi cwie‡Z© kªwgK MÖnb K‡i gRywi ev †eZb, A_©vr wKQy UvKv, Ges GB UvKvi wewbg‡q wZwb kª‡gi Drcbœ `ªe¨mg~n µq Ki‡Z cv‡ib, wKš‘ wZwb  m„Rbkxj ¶gZv µq Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv| Zvi m„Rbkxj ÿgZvi wewbg‡q, kªwgK cvb `ªe¨mvgMÖxÕ|  GB m„RbkxjZv kªwg‡Ki wbKU n‡Z wPiKv‡ji Rb¨ nvwi‡q hvq, †hwU n‡jv KviY †Kb cyuwRZ‡š¿i Aax‡b KvR Avgv‡`i DÏxwcZ A_ev †Z‡Rv`xß K‡i bv Ges ÔA‡Rq Kg©‡¶Î D‡¤§vwPZÕ K‡i bv, eis Avgv‡`i kw³mg~n `nb K‡i Ges K¬vwšÍKi Abyf~wZ‡Z wbcwZZ K‡i|  

RxešÍ kª‡gi Ici g„Z kª‡gi AvwacZ¨ wbwnZ i‡q‡Q cvÛywjwc‡Z gvK©‡mi GB cÖZ¨‡q †h Ôkªwg‡Ki ciKxKi‡Yi A_© †KejgvÎ GB bq †h Zvi kªg GKwU wel‡q (object), GKwU evwn¨K Aw¯Í‡Z¡ cwiYZ, GgbwU bv n‡jI GwU Zvi evB‡i Aw¯ÍZ¡gvb, Zvi †_‡K ¯^vaxbfv‡e Ges Zvi wbKU ciKxK…Ziƒ‡c, Ges ¯^vqZ¡kvwmZ ¶gZv wn‡m‡e Zvi gy‡LvgywL n‡Z ïiæ K‡i; wKš‘ †h Rxeb ‡m wel‡qi Ici cÖ`vb Zv Zv‡K gy‡LvgywL K‡i ˆeix I ciK wn‡m‡eÕ| gvK©‡mi g‡Z GB welqwU cyuwRZ‡š¿B Abb¨| c~e©Zb mgvR¸‡jv‡Z hviv K‡VviZi cwikªg Ki‡Z cvi‡Zv mvaviYZ ZvivB  cÖZ¨vkv Ki‡Z cvi‡Zv AwaKZi †fvM Ki‡Z| cyuwRZ‡š¿i Aax‡b, hviv K‡VviZi cwikªg K‡i Zv‡`i IciKvi ˆeix e¨e¯’vi kw³B Zviv e„w× K‡i| Zviv wb‡R‡`i, Ges Zv‡`i AšÍi RMZ `wi`ªZi nq| hZB ‡m cY¨ ‰Zix K‡i ZZB kªwgK Av‡iv AwaK m¯Ív c‡Y¨ cwiYZ nq| gvbe RM‡Zi Aeg~j¨vqb mivmwi e„w× cvq `ªe¨mvgvMÖxi `ywbqvi g~j¨ e„wׇZÕ|        

kªg cÖwµqv: Drcv`b cÖwµqvi Ici wbqš¿‡Yi Afve‡K gvK©m ciKxKi‡Yi wØZxq Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e wPwýZ K‡ib| †h Ae¯’vq Avgiv KvR Kwi Ges Avgv‡`i KvR Kxfv‡e msMwVZ n‡e, Ges Kxfv‡e GwU Avgv‡`i kvixwiK I gvbwmKfv‡e cÖfvweZ Ki‡eÑ G welq¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© Avgv‡`i ejvi †Kv‡bv AwaKvi †bB| Kg© cÖwµqvi Ici wbqš¿‡Yi GB NvUwZ m„Rbkxjfv‡e Avgv‡`i KvR Kivi mvg_©¨‡K wVK Gi wecixZwU‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i, myZivs kªwgK AwfÁZv jvf K‡i ÔmwµqZv‡K wbw®ŒqZv wn‡m‡e, ¶gZv‡K A¶gZv wn‡m‡e, cÖRbb‡K eܨv‡Z¡, kªwg‡Ki wb‡Ri kvixwiK I gvbwmK kw³, Zvi e¨w³MZ RxebÑ  RxebB ev Kx Kg©KvÛ Qvov Avi wKQy bq? - Zvi wb‡Ri weiæ‡× cwiPvwjZ Kg©KvÛ wn‡m‡e, hv Zvi wbKU †_‡K ¯^vaxb Ges Zvi  AšÍf©y³ bqÕ| K‡g©i cÖwµqv †KejgvÎ kªwgK‡`i wbqš¿‡Yi evB‡iB bq, Zv‡`i cÖwZ ˆeix kw³mg~‡ni wbqš¿‡Y GwU, KviY cyuwRcwZ †kªYx I Zv‡`i g¨v‡bRviMY Avgv‡`i K‡VviZifv‡e I `ªæZ Ges `xN©Zi mgq a‡i KvR Kiv‡Z cÖ‡Yvw`Z nq| AwaKš‘, n¨vwi †eªfvig¨vb ‡hgbwU e‡jb, Ôkªgkw³ µq-weµq wfwËK mgv‡R, wk‡íi wefvRb (dividing the craft) Gi ¯^Zš¿ Askmg~‡ni g~j¨ n«vm K‡iÕ, myZivs AwacwZ †kªYxi AvMÖn we`¨gvb kªgcÖwµqv‡K Av‡iv ¶z`ª ¶y`ª As‡k wefvR‡b| dj¯^iƒc Abgbxq cybive„Ëg~jK cÖwµqv kªwgK‡`i ¯^Zš¿ †gav A_ev `¶Zv‡K RjvÄwj †`q, †hgbwU gvK©m eY©bv K‡ib:

d¨v±wii KvR ¯œvqyZš¿‡K m‡e©v”P gvÎvq wbt†kwlZ K‡i, GwU †ckxmg~‡ni eûgyLx KvR‡K cwinvi K‡i, Ges ¯^vaxbZvi cÖ‡Z¨KwU ¶z`ªvwZ¶y`ª Ask‡K ev‡Rqvß K‡i, ˆ`wnK I †eŠw×K GB Dfqiƒ‡cB . . .| cÖ‡Z¨KwU ¯^Zš¿ AZvrch©gwÛZ d¨v±wi KvwiM‡ii we‡kl `¶Zv Acm„Z nq weÁvb, wekvj ‡fŠZ kw³mg~‡ni mvg‡b GKwU ¶z`ªvwZ¶z`ª cwigvY wn‡m‡e, Ges d¨v±wi †gKvwbR‡g kªwgK-RbZv AšÍf©y³ nq Ges, AwaKš‘ H †gKvwbRg cÖfyi ¶gZv‡K msMwVZ K‡i|

gvK©‡mi mgq †_‡K Drcv`‡bi AvaywbK c×wZmg~n kªg-cÖwµqvi AskKiY (fragmentation) e„w× K‡i‡Q| GLb ch©šÍ AvaywbK Drcv`‡bi msMVb G‡m¤^wj jvB‡bi Ici wfwË K‡i we`¨gvb| ˆeÁvwbK M‡elYv e¨eüZ nq Drcv`b cÖwµqv‡K Gi Dcv`vb Askmg~‡n wef³Ki‡Y| GwU cÖ_gZ ‡nvqvBU Kjvi Re‡K we`¶vqb K‡i Ges Ggb GKwU Ae¯’vq †V‡j †`q †hLv‡b e¨e¯’vcK‡`i Drcv`b cÖwµqvi Ici wbqš¿‡Yi GK‡PwUqvZ¡ eRvq _v‡K: wPšÍvv I Kg©, aviYv I ev¯Íevqb (conception and execution), nvZ I g‡bi GKZv, ‡h¸‡jv‡K cyuwRZš¿ Zvi cÖvi¤¢Kvj †_‡KB ûgwKMÖ¯’ K‡iwQj, weÁv‡bi mKj  Drmmg~n Ges Gi Ici wfwË K‡i bvbv cÖ‡KŠkjMZ kvLvmg~n e¨envi K‡i G¸‡jv GLb cÖYvjxe× Aejywß Øviv AvµgYK…ZÕ|

Kv‡Ri kZ©vejx, Kv‡Ri w`‡bi ˆ`N©¨ Ges Avgiv †h RvqMvq Ae¯’vb Kwi, Zvi meB c~e©wba©vwiZ: ÔmgMÖ Kg© c×wZ (entire work operation), Gi GK`g wbPz ch©vq ch©šÍ, aviYvK…Z (conceptualised) Kiv nq e¨e¯’vcbv I cÖ‡KŠkj Kg©KZ©v Øviv, cwiKíbvK…Z, cwigvcK…Z, cÖwk¶Y I Kg©m¤úv`b m~PKmg~n w`‡q jvMmBK…Z- meB m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c Av‡Mfv‡MÕ|  kªwgK‡`i MY¨ Kiv nq hš¿iƒ‡c, kª‡gi welqxMZ Dcv`vb‡K (subjective element) welqMZ (objective), cwigvc‡hvM¨, wbqwš¿Z cÖwµqv‡Z iƒcvšÍ‡ii j‡¶¨| BwZnvm I †kªYx m‡PZbZv MÖ‡š’i KZ¸‡jv cÖwZfvgwÛZ iPbv‡Z, jyKvm eY©bv K‡ib Kxfv‡e Kv‡Ri ewa©Zfv‡e hyw³msMZ I hvwš¿KxK…Z cÖwµqv Avgv‡`i †PZbv‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i| †hgbwU cieZ©x DׄwZ †`Lvq, Zvi we‡kølY wQj my`~icÖmvwi Ges AvR‡Ki w`‡bi †nvqvBU Kjvi Re m¤ú‡K© GKwU j¶Y‡hvM¨ mwVK wPÎ ‡mwU‡Z cvIqv hvq:

Kg©cÖwµqvi hyw³msMZKi‡Yi d‡j kªwgK‡`i gvbweK ¸Yvejx I wPšÍvixwZmg~n (human qualities and idiosyncrasies) `„k¨gvb nq ewa©Zfv‡e wbQK fy‡ji Drmvejxiƒ‡c, hLb ZzjbvK…Z nq GB weg~Z© we‡kl wbqgmg~n w`‡q hv †hŠw³K fwel¨ØvYxmg~n Abymv‡i KvR K‡i| GB cÖwµqvi cÖK…Z cÖfyiƒ‡c gvbyl `„k¨gvb nq bv welqxMZfv‡e A_ev Zvi Kv‡Ri mv‡_ m¤úwK©Zfv‡e; wecixZµ‡g, †m eis hvwš¿K e¨e¯’vq AvZ¥xK…Z GKwU hvwš¿K Ask| B‡Zvg‡a¨ ‡m GwU‡K c~‡e©-Aw¯ÍZ¡gvb I ¯^qs-wbf©i †`‡L, GwU Zvi †_‡K ¯^vaxbiƒ‡c KvR K‡i Ges ‡m GwU‡K cQ›` KiæK Avi bvB KiæK, Zv‡K Gi wbqgvevjxi mv‡_ Lvc LvB‡q Pj‡Z n‡q‡Q|

Avgv‡`i mnhvÎx gvbe mË¡ve„›`: Z…ZxqZ, Avgiv Avgv‡`i mnhvÎx gvbe mË¡v n‡Z ciKxK…Z| GB ciKxKi‡Yi DÌvb N‡U AskZ ؇›Øi Kvi‡Y †hwUi Awbevh©fv‡e D™¢e N‡U mgv‡Ri †kªYx KvVv‡gvi Rb¨| Avgiv Zv‡`i †_‡K ciKxK…Z hviv Avgv‡`i kªg †kvlY K‡i Ges Avgiv hv Drcbœ Kwi Zv wbqš¿Y K‡i| gvK©m †hgbwU e‡jb:

hw` Zvi Kg©KvÛ Zvi Rb¨ hš¿Yv`vqK nq, Z‡e GwU Aewk¨ Avb›` Ges Dc‡fvM ‡`q Ab¨ KvD‡K. . . | myZivs hw` †m Zvi kª‡gi Drcv`, Zvi welqK…Z kªg‡K MY¨ K‡i ciKxK…Z, kÎæfvevcbœ I ¶gZvevb welq wn‡m‡e †hwU Zvi †_‡K ¯^vaxb, ZLb H wel‡qi m‡½ Zvi m¤úK© Ggb †h Zvi †_‡K ciKxK…Z, kÎæfvevcbœ, ¶gZvevb I ¯^vaxb Ab¨ GKRb gvbyl Gi cÖfy| hw` †m Zvi wb‡Ri Kg©KvÛ‡K GKwU Agy³ Kg©KvÛ MY¨ K‡i, ZLb †m GwU‡K MY¨ K‡i Ab¨ GKwU gvby‡li kvmbvaxb, `gb I †Rvqv‡ji Aax‡b PvKzwi¯’ Kg©KvÛ wn‡m‡e|

AwaKš‘, Avgiv †h cY¨mg~n Drcbœ Kwi †m¸‡jv ‡Kbv-‡ePvi gva¨‡g Avgiv Ab¨‡`i m‡½ m¤úK©hy³| cÖwZw`b Avgv‡`i Rxeb‡K ¯úk© K‡i nvRvi nvRvi gvbylRb, hv‡`i kªg Avgv‡`i e¯¿-m¤¢vi, Lv`¨-`ªe¨vw`, evwoNi BZ¨vw` ˆZwi K‡i‡Q| wKš‘ Avgiv †KejgvÎ Zv‡`i Rvwb Avgiv †h `ªe¨m¤¢vi µq Kwi Ges †fvM Kwi ‡m¸‡jvi gva¨‡g| Av‡b©÷ wdkvi e‡jb †h GB Kvi‡Y Avgiv G‡K Aci‡K †`wL bv Ômg-AwaKvi m¤úbœ mn‡hvMx gvbe mË¡v wn‡m‡e, eis ‡Rô¨ A_ev Aaxb¯’ wn‡m‡e, ¶gZvi GKwU †QvU A_ev eo GK‡Ki c`vwaKvix wn‡m‡e ‡`wLÕ| Avgiv G‡K Ac‡ii m‡½ e¨w³ wn‡m‡e m¤úwK©Z bB, eis Drcv`‡bi wewfbœ m¤úK©mg~‡ni cÖwZwbwa, cyuwR, A_ev fywg ev kª‡gi e¨w³KiY wn‡m‡e m¤úwK©Z| evi‡Uj Ijg¨vb †hgbwU †j‡Lb, ÔAvgiv G‡K Aci‡K e¨w³ wn‡m‡e Rvwb bv, eis Rvwb cyuwRZ‡š¿i m¤cÖmviY wn‡m‡e: Òey‡R©vqv mgv‡R cyuwR ¯^vaxb Ges GwUi e¨w³Z¡ i‡q‡Q, Ab¨w`‡K RxešÍ gvbyl wbf©ikxj Ges Zvi †Kv‡bv e¨w³Z¡ †bBÓ| cÖ‡Z¨KwU e¨w³ Drcv`‡Ki cY¨vw` `„k¨gvb nq wee¨w³K iƒ‡c, †m¸‡jv †Kv_vq, ev Kx mywbw`©ó Ae¯’vax‡b, †K Drcbœ K‡i‡Q Zv we‡eP¨ bq| cY¨ Drcv`b A_©B n‡jv †h cÖ‡Z¨‡K ÔAb¨‡`i Drcbœ AvZ¥mvr K‡i, Zv‡`i wb‡R‡`i kª‡gi Drcbœ †_‡K ciKxK…Z K‡iÕ|

gvK©m eY©bv K‡ib †h Kxfv‡e mvwe©K cY¨ Drcv`b Aweivg A‡š^lY K‡i bZzb Afvemg~n, Avgv‡`i gvbweK ¶gZvmg~‡ni weKv‡ki Rb¨ bq, eis gybvdvi Rb¨ †m¸‡jv‡K †kvl‡Y:

Zvi wb‡Ri ¯^v_©ci cÖ‡qvRbmg~‡ni cwiZzwó AR©‡bi cÖZ¨vkvq, A‡b¨i Ici GKwU ciKxK…Z ¶gZv‡K cÖwZôvi cÖ‡Z¨KwU cÖ‡Póv n‡q `uvovq AgvbweK, cwims‡kvwaZ, A¯^vfvweK I KvíwbK AvKv•Lvmg~‡ni Avwe®‹vig~jK I wPi wnmveK…Z `vm| †m wb‡R‡K ¯’vcb K‡i Zvi cÖwZ‡ekxi me‡P‡q weK…Z Kíbvmg~‡ni AwaKv‡i, Zvi cÖ‡qvRbmg~‡n mnvqZv Ki‡Y, Zvi Ici A¯^v¯’¨cÖ` AvKv•Lvmg~‡ni mwµq‡b, Ges cÖ‡Z¨KwU `ye©jZvq  Suvwc‡q c‡o, †hb †m ZLb UvKv `vex Ki‡Z cv‡i Zvi fvjevmvi kª‡gi Rb¨|

Avgiv Ab¨ gvbylRb‡`i †`wL jvf-‡jvKmv‡bi †j‡Ýi gva¨‡g| Avgv‡`i mvg_©¨mg~n I cÖ‡qvRbmg~n iƒcvšÍwiZ nq UvKv evbv‡bvi Dcv‡q Ges myZivs Avgiv Ab¨ gvbe mË¡vmg~n‡K MY¨ Kwi cÖwZ‡hvMx wn‡m‡e, Aa¯Íb A_ev DaŸ©Zb wn‡m‡e|

Avgv‡`i gbyl¨ ¯^fve: PZz_© Dcv`vb n‡jv gvK©m †hgbwU e‡jb Avgv‡`i cÖRvwZ-mË¡v n‡Z ciKxKiY| hv Avgv‡`i gvby‡l cwiYZ K‡i Zv n‡jv Avgv‡`i Pvicv‡ki `ywbqvUv‡K m‡PZbfv‡e iƒc †`Iqvi mvg_©¨| hv‡nvK, cyuwRZ‡š¿i Aax‡b Avgv‡`i kªg n‡jv `gbK…Z, ejc~e©K kªg| Avgv‡`i e¨w³MZ †SuvKmg~n A_ev Avgv‡`i †hŠ_ ¯^v_©mg~‡ni m‡½ Gi †Kv‡bv m¤úK© bvB| kª‡gi cyuwRZvwš¿K wefvM e¨vcKgvÎvq Avgv‡`i Drcv`‡bi mvg_©¨‡K e„w× K‡i, wKš‘ hviv m¤ú`mg~n ˆZix K‡i Zviv Gi myweavmg~n †_‡K ewÂZ nq| cvÛywjwc‡Z GB cÖwµqv m¤ú‡K© gvK©‡mi eqvb n‡jv GB e¨e¯’vi Pig kw³kvjx Awf‡hvM:

GwU mZ¨ †h kªg abx‡`i Rb¨ gv‡e©j cv_i ˆZix K‡i, wKš‘ GwU ‡gnbwZ‡`i Rb¨ cÖeÂbv ˆZix K‡i| GwU cÖvmv` ˆZix K‡i, wKš‘ †gnbwZ‡`i Rb¨ ˆZix K‡i RxY© KzwUi| GwU ‡mŠ›`h© µq K‡i, wKš‘ ‡gnbwZi Rb¨ weK…wZ| GwU kªg‡K cÖwZ¯’vwcZ K‡i †gwkb w`‡q, wKš‘ GwU wKQy ‡gnbwZ‡`i wKQy Ask‡K wb‡¶c K‡i kª‡gi ee©i iƒ‡ci g‡a¨ Ges Ab¨‡`i‡K †gwk‡b iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i| GwU †gav ˆZix K‡i, wKš‘ GwU ‡gnbwZ‡`i Rb¨ eyw×RvW¨ I cÖwZeÜxZ¡ (idiocy and cretinism) ˆZix K‡i|

gvbe mË¡v n‡jv mvgvwRK mË¡v| Avgv‡`i mvg_©¨ i‡q‡Q Avgv‡`i ¯^v_©mg~n‡K Av‡iv mvg‡b GwM‡q wb‡Z †hŠ_fv‡e wµqvKi‡Y| hv‡nvK, cyuwRZ‡š¿i Aax‡b H mvg_©¨ GwU Øviv m„RbK…Z  e¨w³MZ gvwjKvbvq I †kÖYx wefv‡M wbgw¾Z nq| Avgv‡`i mvg_©¨ i‡q‡Q m‡PZbfv‡e Avgv‡`i Drcv`b cwiKíbvKi‡Y, hv‡Z Avgiv hv ˆZix Kwi Zv mgv‡Ri weKvkgvb cÖ‡qvRbmg~‡ni mv‡_ msMwZc~Y© nq| wKš‘ †mB mvg_©¨ cyuwRZ‡š¿i Aax‡b wecÖZxcgyLx nq gybvdvi Rb¨ ˆbivwR¨K Zvobvq| GBfv‡e, m‡PZbfv‡e  cÖK…wZ‡K iƒc †`evi cwie‡Z© eis Avgiv wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z cvwi bv, A_ev GgbwK Avgv‡`i Kg©mg~‡ni djvdjmg~n m¤ú‡K© c~‡e© cwiÁvZ n‡Z cvwi bv| D`vniY¯^iƒc, hLb Drcv`‡bi bZzb, m¯Ív †UKwbKmg~‡ni wk‡í evisevi cybive„wË N‡U ZLb GwmW e„wó ev M¨vmmg~n ˆZix n‡Z cv‡i hv I‡Rvb ¯Íi‡K aŸsm K‡i|

GKBfv‡e, hLb GKRb cyuwRcwZ Zvi d¨v±wi‡Z Drcv`‡bi DbœwZ NUvq, ZLb †m Awb”QvK…Zfv‡e Zvi †kªYxi Rb¨ mvwe©Kfv‡e gybvdvi nv‡ii axiMwZ‡Z Ae`vb iv‡L gybvdvi nvi‡K wb¤œMvgx K‡i| GKwU dvg© Drcv`b Ki‡Z cv‡i we‡klZ Zxeª Pvwn`v cwic~i‡Y, †KejgvÎ ZLbB hLb †m †`‡L Ab¨ dvg©¸‡jv †mB cY¨`ªe¨¸‡jv cÖ_‡gB wb‡q G‡m‡Q evRvi gvZ Ki‡Z| ïaygvÎ Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi cwie‡Z©,  evRv‡i AwZ-mieivn †`Lv hvq| Gi A_© GB †h Avgiv AwaK Drcv`b Kwi, wKš‘ hv Avgiv Drcbœ Kwi Zv Abwf‡cÖZ| c~eeZ©x mKj mgvR Afve, `ywf©¶ Ges km¨nvwb‡Z fyM‡Zv| cyuwRZ‡š¿i Aax‡b g›`vi A_© n‡jv †gnbwZMY ÔKg †fvM K‡i KviY Zviv †ekx Drcv`b K‡i| Ges Zviv Kg †fvM K‡i, GB Kvi‡Y bq †h  Zv‡`i kªg Ach©vßfv‡e Drcv`bkxj, eis KviY Zv‡`i kªg LyeB Drcv`bkxjÕ|  Avgv‡`i †gvKv‡ejvK…Z A_©‰bwZK msKUmg~‡n †KvbwKQyB ¯^vfvweK bq: GwU n‡jv Avgv‡`i mvgvwRK msMVb ‡hwU Avgv‡`i Drcv`b Kievi mvg‡_©¨i m¤¢vebv‡K Dc‡fv‡M euvav cÖ`vb K‡i|

cY¨ cyuRv Kx?

Avgv‡`i mgv‡R cY¨`ªe¨vw`i AvwacZ¨ GZUvB cwie¨vß †h GwU‡K g‡b nq Acwinvh©, wel‡qi ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’v (inevitable, natural state of affairs)| Avgv‡`i mKj AR©bvejx, Avgv‡`i cÖ¯‘ZK…Z mewKQyB cY¨-`ªe¨vw`iƒ‡c `„k¨gvb nq, †hgbwU gvK©m j¶¨ K‡ib: ÔDrcv`‡bi cyuwRZvwš¿K aiY we`¨gvb Ggb mgv‡R m¤ú`mg~n `„kgvb nq cY¨`ªe¨vw`i GKwU wekvj mgvnvi wn‡m‡eÕ|  mvwe©K cY¨`ªe¨w` Drcv`‡bi cÖ_g e¨e¯’v n‡jv cyuwRZš¿, hv‡Z mvgwMÖKfv‡e cY¨ n‡q c‡o mgv‡Ri GKwU mve©Rbxb ixwZ (category)Õ| Kxfv‡e Avgiv AwfÁZv jvf Kwi Avgv‡`i m„ó `ywbqv‡Z- Gi Ici cY¨ Drcv`‡bi AvwacZ¨ (dominance) we`¨gvb|

inm¨gq cY¨: cÖ‡Z¨K mgv‡R gbyl¨ mË¡vmg~n kªg †`q `ªe¨mvgMÖx cÖ¯‘ZKi‡Y †h¸‡jv Zv‡`i cÖ‡qvRbmg~n †gUv‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| myZivs gvK©m cyuwRZ‡š¿i Aax‡b cY¨`ªe¨vw` m¤ú‡K© Zvi we‡kølY ïiæ K‡ib GB `vex K‡i ‡h ÔcY¨ GKwU evwn¨K welq, GKwU e¯‘ †hwU Gi ¸Yv¸‡Yi gva¨‡g †h‡Kv‡bv cÖKv‡ii gvbe cÖ‡qvRbmg~n‡K mš‘ó K‡iÕ, †mB cÖ‡qvRbwU D`i ev Kíbv †_‡K G‡jv wKbv Zv we‡eP¨ bq| cY¨mg~‡ni Aewk¨ e¨envi g~j¨ _vK‡Z n‡e, wKš‘ †m¸‡jvi GKwU wewbgq g~j¨I _vK‡Z n‡e| cyuwRZvwš¿K mgv‡R Avgv‡`i A‡bK c„_K c„_K gvbweK cÖ‡qvRb¸‡jv wgU‡Z cv‡i †KejgvÎ cY¨`ªe¨vw` µ‡qi gva¨‡g: ‡`vKvb †_‡K Avgv‡`i Lv`¨ wKb‡Z nq LvIqvi Rb¨, ågY Ki‡Z Avgv‡`i wKb‡Z nq Kvi A_ev evm wUwKU,  Áv‡bi iv‡R¨ cÖ‡e‡k Avgv‡`i wKb‡Z nq eB, wUwf ev Kw¤úDUvi|  hw`I GB mKj cY¨`ªe¨vw`i DcKvwiZv Av”Qbœ n‡q c‡o Zv‡`i wewbgq g~j¨ w`‡q Ges gvbe cÖ‡qvRbmg~‡ni mš‘wó n‡q c‡o evRv‡ii Kg©KvÛ †_‡K Awe‡”Q`¨|

evRv‡i cY¨mg~‡ni mÂvjb (circulation) Av‡iv †ewk K‡i inmve„Z _v‡K Zv‡`i Drcv`b cÖwµqvi Zzjbvq, †hLv‡b kªwgK‡`i wKQy mivmwi m¤úK© _v‡K Zv‡`i Drcv`bK…Z c‡Y¨i m‡½| GB m¤úK© nvwi‡q hvq hLb cY¨mg~n evRv‡i †cÖwiZ nq Ges UvKv w`‡q wewbgqK…Z nq, hv, ch©vqµ‡g, Ab¨ cY¨mg~n w`‡q wewbgqK…Z nq| gvK©m †hgbwU †j‡Lb, Ômivmwi Drcv`b cÖwµqv Ges mÂvjb cÖwµqvi GKwU HK¨ wn‡m‡e Drcv`‡bi cÖK…Z cÖwµqv bqv web¨vmmg~‡ni (formations) D™¢e NUvq, †h¸‡jv‡Z Af¨šÍixY ms‡hvMmg~‡ni wkiv ewa©Zfv‡e nvwi‡q hvq, Drcv`b m¤úK©mg~n Dc¯’vwcZ nq G‡K Aci †_‡K ¯^vaxbfv‡e Ges Dcv`vb g~j¨mg~n (component values) cÖ¯Íixf~Z nq iƒcmg~‡n G‡K Aci ‡_‡K ¯^vaxbfv‡eÕ| gvK©m e¨vL¨v K‡ib Kxfv‡e cY¨mg~‡ni mÂvjb e¨w³ Drcv`Ke„‡›`i  m¤úK©mg~n‡K iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i Zv‡`i Drcv`bK…Z cY¨mg~‡ni g‡a¨Kvi m¤úK©mg~‡n| Zviv G‡K Aci †_‡K wef³, hw`I m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c wbf©ikxj G‡K Ac‡ii cY¨mg~‡ni Ici:

cY¨mg~‡ni gvwjKe„›` †`‡L †h kªg wefvM Zv‡`i‡K ¯^vaxb e¨w³MZ Drcv`‡K cwiYZ K‡i| GB kªg wefvM Drcv`‡bi mvgvwRK cÖwµqv Ges GKB cÖwµqvi g‡a¨ e¨w³MZ Drcv`K‡`i G‡K Ac‡ii m‡½i m¤úK©mg~n‡K Drcv`K‡`i wb‡R‡`i †_‡KI ¯^vaxb K‡i †d‡j| Zviv AviI †`‡L †h e¨w³mg~‡ni G‡K Ac‡ii †_‡K ¯^vaxbZvi cÖwZc¶ i‡q‡Q Ges GwU mvwe©K e¯‘MZ wbf©iZvi GKwU e¨e¯’v‡K mgc~iY K‡i|

cyuwRZvwš¿K e¨e¯’v‡Z G‡K Ac‡ii m‡½ Drcv`bg~jK m¤úK©mg~‡n cÖ‡e‡ki Rb¨ e¨w³MY‡K kªg-kw³, A_ev Drcv`‡bi mvgMÖx BZ¨vw` wKQy wel‡qi AwaKvix n‡Z nq| d‡j, ÔG‡Z g‡b nq †hb Drcv`b m¤úK©vejx cÖwZôvKi‡Y, e¨w³ gvbylR‡bi wb‡R‡`i †P‡q eis e¯‘ ¯^qs (the thing itself) GB mvg_©¨, ¸‡Yi AwaKvixÕ| cY¨mg~n mvgvwRK ‰ewk¨ó¨ AR©b K‡i KviY e¨w³MY Drcv`bkxj cÖwµqv‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡i †KejgvÎ cY¨mg~‡ni gvwjK wn‡m‡e| gvK©m cÖwµqv‡K eY©bv K‡ib: ÔmyZivs, Drcv`K‡`i wbKU, Zv‡`i e¨w³MZ kª‡gi g‡a¨Kvi mvgvwRK m¤úK©mg~n `„k¨gvb nq bv Zv‡`i Kg©w¯’Z e¨w³M‡Yi (persons) g‡a¨Kvi mivmwi mvgvwRK m¤úK©vejx wn‡m‡e, eis `„k¨gvb nq e¨w³M‡Yi g‡a¨Kvi e¯‘MZ m¤úK©vejx Ges e¯‘mg~‡ni g‡a¨Kvi mvgvwRK m¤úK©vejx wn‡m‡eÕ| GwU Ggbfv‡e `„k¨gvb nq †hb evRvi ¯^qs `vgmg~‡ni (prices) e„w×-n«v‡mi KviY NUvq, Ges gvbe G‡RwÝ †_‡K ¯^vaxbfv‡e ‡gnbwZ‡`i Drcv`‡bi GKwU kvLvq †V‡j †`q A_ev Ab¨ GKwU kvLv †_‡K †ei K‡i †`q| e¨w³i Ici mgv‡Ri AwfNvZ Kvh©Kwi nq e¯‘mg~‡ni mvgvwRK iƒ‡ci ga¨ w`‡qÕ| GwU Avi GKwU gvÎv †hvM K‡i ciKxK…Z m¤úK©vejx‡Z, †hgbwU gvK©m hyw³ †`b, Ô †h mg¯Í PwiÎMY A_©‰bwZK i½g‡Â `„k¨gvb nq Zviv wbQK A_©‰bwZK m¤úK©vejxi e¨w³KiY (personification); GwU ‡hb GB A_©‰bwZK m¤úK©vejxi evnK wn‡m‡e Zviv G‡K Ac‡ii ms¯ú‡k© Av‡mÕ|

gvbe m¤úK©vejxi g~Zvqb (reification) Gi mvgwMÖK cÖwµqv, Ro e¯‘ivwRi Ici gvbe ¶gZvmg~‡ni Av‡ivcY, Ges †h c×wZ‡Z mvgvwRK ms¯’v `„k¨gvb nq gvbweK B”Qv †_‡K ¯^vaxbiƒ‡c, G¸‡jv‡K gvK©m eY©bv K‡ib cY¨ cyuRv wn‡m‡e|  cyuwRZ‡š¿i  ea©‡b cY¨ cyuRv e„w× †c‡q‡Q, hv‡Z ÔDrcv`‡bi cyuwRZvwš¿K aiY e¨w³, cwievi, Ges mvgvwRK cÖ‡qvRbmg~‡ni mvgwMÖKZv‡K AwaMÖnY K‡i Ges, Zv‡`i‡K evRv‡i Aaxb¯’ K‡i, ‡m¸‡jv‡K cybM©Vb K‡i cyuwRi cÖ‡qvRbmg~n‡K †mev Ki‡ZÕ| AvR‡Ki w`‡b mewKQyi Rb¨ evRvi we`¨gvb, †hŠb I wk‡íi Rb¨ (for sex and art), ¯^qs kª‡gi Rb¨, GgbwK wUwf I Kvimg~‡ni Rb¨| ‡hgbwU Av‡b©÷ wdkvi †j‡Lb,Ô cY¨mg~‡ni `ywbqv‡Z Avgiv GZUvB Af¨¯Í n‡q c‡owQ †h †hLv‡b cÖK…wZ m¤¢eZ GKgvÎ †cv÷vi nwj‡W †i‡mv‡U©i Rb¨ Ges gvbyl †KejgvÎ GKwU bZzb Drcbœ `ª‡e¨i Rb¨ weÁvcb, m¯Ívq weµ‡qi Rb¨ ciKxK…Z e¯‘mg~‡ni Ggb GKwU wek„•Ljvq Avgiv Aw¯ÍZ¡gvb †h Avgiv K`vwPr wb‡R‡`i ‡Kv‡bv gvÎvq wRÁvmv Kwi bv ‡h GwU Kx hv gš¿gy»iƒ‡c cÖ‡qvR‡bi (ev d¨vk‡bi) e¯‘mg~n‡K iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i c‡Y¨, Ges WvwKwb mvev‡_i mwZ¨Kvi cÖK…wZ Kx, hv wbq‡bi Puv`mg~n Ges K…wÎg b¶ÎcyÄ w`‡q R¡jšÍ, hv Avgv‡`i ˆ`bw›`bKvi ev¯ÍeZvq cwiYZ n‡q‡QÕ|

Ômve©Rbxb `vjvjÕ (universal pimp) UvKv:  wewbgq g~‡j¨i m„Rb Ges cY¨mg~‡ni mÂvj‡b `iKvi GKwU c‡Y¨i hv Ab¨ mKj cY¨mg~n‡K cÖwZwbwaZ¡ Ki‡Z cv‡i, hvi gva¨‡g Ab¨ mKj cY¨mg~n‡K Zzjbv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| gvK©m eY©bv K‡ib Kxfv‡e cyuwRZ‡š¿i weKvk Gi m‡½ wb‡q Av‡m Kxfv‡e wewfbœ cY¨mg~n‡K g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z n‡e ‡mB mgm¨vwU Ges GKB mv‡_ GwU mve©Rbxb cY¨ UvKvi iƒ‡c mgvavb m„Rb K‡i| ‡fŠZ e¯‘mg~n †hgb ¯^Y© ev iƒcv n‡q c‡o ÔmKj gvbe kª‡gi mivmwi AeZviÕ| UvKvi weKv‡k Zv‡`i Drcv`‡bi m‡½ gvby‡li m¤úK© GKwU e¯‘MZ AvKvi jvf K‡i, †hwU Zv‡`i wbqš¿Y I Zv‡`i m‡PZb Kg©KvÛ n‡Z ¯^vaxb: GB Ae¯’vwU cÖ_g cÖZxqgvb nq GB NUbv w`‡q †h gvby‡li kª‡gi Drcv`mg~n mve©Rbxbfv‡e cY¨mg~‡ni iƒc jvf K‡i| myZivs UvKvi ûRy‡Mi cÖ‡nwjKv nq cY¨ ûRy‡Mi cÖ‡nwjKv, GwU Avgv‡`i †Pv‡L GLb `„k¨gvb I `„wó mšÍvcK n‡q c‡oÕ|

gvK©m UvKv‡K e‡jb Ômve©Rbxb `vjvjÕ, gvbyl Ges Zv‡`i AvKv•Lvmg~‡ni g‡a¨Kvi ga¨¯’ZvKvix wn‡m‡e| UvKvi g~j¨ †h mg¯Í avZzi Ici g~jMZfv‡e Av‡ivwcZ n‡qwQj, A‡bKw`b a‡i AšÍwb©wnZfv‡e g~j¨nxb (worthless) msKi avZz gy`ªv ev Kv¸‡R UvKvi c‡¶ ‡m¸‡jv cwiZ¨³ n‡qwQj| Ges Zvic‡iI UvKv mewKQy µq Ki‡Z cv‡i GwU n‡jv Aw¯ÍZ¡gvb me‡P‡q ¶gZvkvjx cY¨: ÔAb¨ mKj cY¨mg~‡ni AvKvi †K‡o †bqv (divested), Zv‡`i mve©Rbxb ciKxKi‡Yi Drcv` n‡jv UvKvÕ| cY¨mg~‡ni mÂvj‡b UvKvi f~wgKv H cÖwµqv‡Z RwoZ gvbe mË¡vmg~‡ni m‡PZbv‡K AvKvi †`qv| UvKv †h e¯‘mg~‡ni cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i Zvi g~j¨ wb‡q †bq, GwU `„k¨gvb nq GKwU kw³iƒ‡c hv ¯^qs (itself) g~j¨ m„Rb Ki‡Z cv‡i| †hgbwU †gmRv‡ivm e¨vL¨v K‡ib:

cÖvK…wZK ˆewkó¨mg~n wn‡m‡e GB wecyj ¶gZvmg~‡ni AwaKvix wn‡m‡e UvKv‡K ‡bqv nq| UvKvi cÖwZ RbM‡Yi `„wófw½ n‡jv, wbtm‡›`‡n, cyuwRZvwš¿K cyuRvi we¯§qKi `„óvšÍ, my` aviYKvix cyuwR‡Z GwU Gi m‡e©v”P gvÎvq †cuŠ‡Q| GLv‡b, gvbylRb fv‡e ‡h Zviv †`‡L UvKv Av‡iv UvKv evbvq, GwU ¯^qs-m¤cÖmviYkxj| kªwgK, †gwkb, KuvPvgvj - Drcv`‡bi mKj wbqvgKmg~n †KejgvÎ mn‡hvMx‡Z AatcwZZ nq (downgraded), Ges UvKv ¯^qs iƒcvšÍwiZ nq m¤ú‡`i Drcv`‡K|

GBfv‡e UvKv wekvj mvg_©vejx AR©b K‡i, gy`ªvi Ab¨ wcVI Av‡Q, Avgv‡`i mKj gvbe B”Qvejx I mvg_©ejx msKzwPZ nq GKwU Dcjwä‡Z gvK©m hv‡K e‡jb cvIqvi Dcjwä (sense of having): Ôe¨w³MZ m¤úwË Avgv‡`i GZUvB wb‡e©va Ges GK‡c‡k K‡i †h GKwU e¯‘ †KejgvÎ Avgv‡`i hLb GwU Avgv‡`i _v‡K, hLb GwU Avgv‡`i Rb¨  Aw¯ÍZ¡gvb cyuwR wn‡m‡e A_ev  hLb Avgiv mivmwi GwUi gvwjKvbv cvB, LvB, cvb Kwi, cwiavb Kwi, BZ¨vw`, ms‡¶‡c, hLb Avgiv GwU e¨envi KwiÕ| gvK©m Av‡iv eY©bv K‡ib †h Kxfv‡e `L‡ji GB B”Qv GKB m‡½ DÏxwcZ I A¯^xK…Z nq: kªwgK †KejgvÎ Zvi Rb¨ †eu‡P _vK‡Z hv jv‡M, †mUzKz h‡_ó cvIqvi Rb¨ Aby‡gvw`Z, Ges †m (cyuwRcwZ †kªYx A‡_© - Aby) †KejgvÎ †eu‡P _vK‡Z Aby‡gvw`Z cvIqvi Rb¨Õ| cvÛywjwc‡Z GKwU Dcjw×RvZ c¨v‡m‡R, gvK©m e¨vL¨v K‡ib Kxfv‡e UvKv Avgv‡`i e¨w³Z¡mg~n‡K wbgw¾Z K‡i| GwU Zv‡`i cÖwZ GKwU cªZz¨Ëi hviv hyw³ †`b †h cyuwRZš¿ Avgv‡`i e¨w³‡Z¡i mg„wׇK Aby‡gv`b K‡i:

UvKvi gva¨‡g hv Avgvi Rb¨ Aw¯ÍZ¡gvb, hvi Rb¨ Avwg cwi‡kva Ki‡Z cvwi, A_©vr UvKv hv µq Ki‡Z cv‡i, Zv Kx Avwg UvKvi AwaKvix wn‡m‡e| Avgvi UvKvi ¶gZv hZ mej, ZZ Avwg mej| UvKvi m¤úwËmg~n (properties) Avgvi, A_©vr ¯^Ë¡vaxKvixi m¤úwË Ges `iKvix ¶gZvmg~n| myZivs  Avwg Kx Ges Avwg Kx Ki‡Z cvwi Zv †Kv‡bvfv‡eB wbY©xZ nq bv Avgvi e¨w³Z¡ w`‡q| Avwg KzrwmZ, wKš‘ Avwg me‡P‡q my›`ix bvix µq Ki‡Z cvwi| ‡mB A‡_© GwU ejv hvq †h Avwg KzrwmZ bB, KziƒcZvi Rb¨ Gi weKl©Yxq ¶gZv aŸsm n‡q hvq UvKv w`‡q| e¨w³ wn‡m‡e Avwg †Luvov, wKš‘ UvKv Avgvi Rb¨ µq K‡i PweŸkwU cv| d‡j, Avwg †Luvov bB| Avwg GKRb `yó, Amr, we‡eKewR©Z e¨w³, wKš‘ UvKv I UvKvi ¶gZvI m¤§vwbZ| UvKvi gva¨‡g gvbe ü`q hv Pvq Zvi meB Avwg †c‡Z cvwi| Kv‡RB Avwg Kx mKj gvbe mvg_©¨vejxi AwaKvix bB? myZivs UvKv Kx Avgvi mKj A¶gZvmg~n‡K Zv‡`i wecixZwU‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i bv?

cY¨ cyuRv Ges †kªYx: ciKxKiY I cY¨ cuyRv mgv‡R mKj m¤úK©vejx‡K iƒc †`q| hv‡`i m¤ú` Av‡Q Zviv wePiY K‡i Zv‡`i wbqš¿Y ewnf©~Z `ywbqv‡ZI, †hLv‡b m¤úK©vejx g~Z©vwqZ nq| Zv‡`i e¨w³Z¡ cyuwRZ‡š¿i wbqgvejx w`‡q wbgw¾Z nq Ñ gvK©m †hgbwU wj‡Lb, Zvi wb‡R‡K mg„×Ki‡Yi ¯^Áv, hv ÔK…c‡Yi g‡a¨Kvi GKwU wbQK ˆewkó¨, cyuwRZvwš¿K e¨e¯’vq n‡jv mvgvwRK K…r‡KŠk‡ji (social mechanism) dj, hvi †m PvKvmg~‡ni GKwU e¨wZZ Avi wKQyB bqÕ| kvmK‡kªYx KZ…©K `L‡j _vKv wekvj Drcvw`Kv kw³mg~n Zv‡`i‡K Avgv‡`i KíbvZxZ aYevb K‡i, wKš‘ Zviv e¨e¯’vwUi wekvj A_©‰bwZK kw³mg~n‡K wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z cv‡i bv A_ev GgbwK Gi †h †Kv‡bv GKwU †mKk‡bi mwVKfv‡e cwiKíbv Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| cyuwRcwZMY GKwU ؇›Ø  a„Z, hv‡Z ÔcyuwR GKwU mvgvwRK kw³, wKš‘ GwU †hŠ_ gvwjKvbvi cwie‡Z© eis e¨w³MZ gvwjKvbvaxb, myZivs Gi MwZkxjZv wbY©xZ nq e¨w³ gvwjK‡`i Øviv, cÖ‡qvRbMZfv‡e Zv‡`i Kg©KvÛmg~‡ni mKj mvgvwRK AwfNvZmg~‡ni (implications) cÖwZ wb¯ú„n †_‡KÕ| cyuwRcwZ‡K wbqZ cÖwZ‡hvwMZv Ki‡Z nq Zvi cÖwZØ›Øx‡`i mv‡_ Zvj †gjv‡Z, Ges hw`I Zvi Kg©KvÛmg~n ¯^Zš¿ cÖwZôv‡bi Rb¨ cwic~Y©iƒ‡c ms‡e`b‡hvM¨ (sensible) n‡Z cv‡i, wKš‘ mgvRe¨vcx mvaviYxK…Zfv‡e Zviv A_©‰bwZK g›`vmg~‡ni KviY msNwUZ K‡i hv A‡bK cÖwZôvb‡K aŸsm Ki‡Z cv‡i| A_©‰bwZK msKUmg~n AKvU¨ cÖgvY †h †Kv‡bv ¯^Zš¿ cyuwRcwZi ‡_‡K e¨e¯’vwU AwaKZi ¶gZvkvjx| GwU e¨vL¨v K‡i †Kb msKUmg~n n‡jv kvmK †kªYxi Av¯’v I fvev`‡k© (confidence and ideology) GKwU e¨vcK AwfNvZ| cyuwRcwZ wek¦vm Ki‡Z cv‡i †h Zvi mvnmx, D‡`¨vMxg~jK †ZRw¯^Zv (entrepreneurial spirit) Zvi m¤ú` ‰Zix K‡i, wKš‘ ev¯Í‡e †m ÔA‡b¨i ˆZixK…Z †XD‡q †f‡m P‡jÕ| ‡h †kªYx msMÖvg †m cÖwZ‡iva Ki‡Z cv‡i bv, ZvB Zv‡K ejc~e©Kfv‡e ü`q½g Kivq †h Kxfv‡e ‡m Zvi Kg©Pvix‡`i kª‡gi Ici wbf©ikxj, Ges, A_©‰bwZK msKUmg~‡ni gZB, kvmK †kªYxi `„wófw½‡Z Zv GKwU Zx¶è AvNvZ (wounding blow)|

cweÎ cwiev‡i gvK©m kvmK †kªYxi Ae¯’vi GKwU cÖwZfv`xß eY©bv †`b:

gvwjK †kªYx  Ges †gnbwZ †kªYx GKB gvbe ¯^qs-ciKxKiY (human self-alienation) Dcw¯’Z K‡i| wKš‘ c~‡e©v³ †kªYxwU Zvi ¯^qs-ciKxKi‡Y Abyfe K‡i †h †m evwo‡Z Av‡Q, GwU †`‡L Gi wb‡Ri wbðqZv (confirmation of itself) Ges  ciKxKi‡Y ¯^xK…ZvwqZ nq Gi wb‡Ri ¶gZv; Gi G‡Z we`¨gvb i‡q‡Q gvbe Aw¯Í‡Z¡i `„k¨gvbZv (semblance), Ab¨w`‡K cÖ‡jZvwi‡qZ †kªYx  Gi ¯^qs-ciKxKi‡Y Gi Aejywß Abyfe K‡i; GwU †mLv‡b Gi wb‡Ri ¶gZvnxbZv Ges AgvbweK Aw¯Í‡Z¡i ev¯ÍeZv †`‡L|     

GBfv‡e, ciKxKiY KZ Mfxifv‡e Zv‡`i cÖfvweZ K‡i GUv †Kv‡bv welq bv, kvmK ‡kªbx memgq ZvwoZ nq e¨e¯’vwU msi¶‡Y Zv‡`i AwaKv‡i _vKv mKj ¶gZv Ges wbôziZvmn †hwU Zv‡`i ciKxKiY m„Rb K‡i, Gi Af¨šÍ‡i Zv‡`i e¯‘MZ Ae¯’v‡bi Kvi‡Y| GwU mn, jyKvm hyw³ †`b †h kvmK †kªYx KL‡bv cyuwRZ‡š¿ cY¨ cyuRvi D‡aŸ© DV‡Z cv‡i bv| †kvlK †kªYx wn‡m‡e Ges e¨e¯’vwUi aviK wn‡m‡e Zv‡`i wb‡R‡`i f~wgKvi mv‡_ we‡ivaxZv bv K‡i ey‡R©vqv †kªYx KL‡bv cyuwRZ‡š¿i cÖK…Z ˆewkó¨ kbv³ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| myZivs cyuwRcwZ †kªYx cÖK…Z mvgvwRK m¤úK©vejx‡K kbv³ Ki‡Z Pvq bv, †h¸‡jv cyuwRZvwš¿K mgv‡Ri cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni wfwË| Zviv GB wek¦vm‡K Pjgvb ivLv cQ›` K‡i †h Drcv`‡bi m¤úK©vejx ¯^vfvweK I Awbevh©| wecixZ µ‡g, jyKvm hyw³ †`b †h †gnbwZiv, hw`I M‡o D‡Vb cY¨ cyuRv w`‡q, ¯’vqxfv‡e AÜ bb cyuwRZ‡š¿i ev¯ÍeZvi cÖwZ| eis wZwb hyw³ †`b †h cyuwRZ‡š¿i g~Zv©q‡bi †bKve (veil of reification from capitalism) wQbœKi‡Yi mvg‡_©¨ kªwgK †kªYx GKwU we¯§qKi Ae¯’v‡b i‡q‡Q, KviY kªwgK †kªYxi cyuwRZ‡š¿i weiæ‡× msMÖvg mgv‡Ri m¤ú` Drcv`‡b Gi cÖK…Z wbR¯^ f~wgKv `„wó‡MvPi K‡i| †kªYx msMÖv‡gi A_© n‡jv †h kªwg‡Kiv wb‡R‡`i Avi †Kv‡bv c„_K mË¡v (isolated individuals) wn‡m‡e †`‡L bv| Gi A_© n‡jv GB †h Zviv kª‡gi mvgvwRK PwiÎ m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb n‡Z cv‡i| jyKvm civgk© †`b †h hLb kªwg‡Kiv cY¨ cyuRvi †cQ‡bi ev¯ÍeZv GK bRi †`‡L, GwU Zv‡`i mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i mgv‡Ri wecøex iƒcvšÍ‡ii Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxqZv‡K Abyave‡b: ÔGwU Avgv‡`i Dcjw× Ki‡Z m¶g K‡i ‡Kb ‡h cÖwµqv †KejgvÎ cÖ‡jvwZ‡q‡Zi g‡a¨ we`¨gvb, GKRb gvby‡li AR©b Zvi mvgwMÖK e¨w³Z¡ †_‡K wQbœK…Z n‡q cY¨ nq Ges Zv GKwU wecøex m‡PZbZvi w`‡K avweZ nq Õ|

gvK©‡mi Z‡Ë¡i e¨envi I Ace¨envi

ciKxKi‡Yi aviYv gvK©mev‡`i †K›`ªxq wKš‘ weZwK©Z w`K| hLb gvK©‡mi ciKxKi‡Yi Ici GKwU cÖavb KvR  A_©‰bwZK I `vk©wbK cvÛywjwc Ae‡k‡l 1932G cÖKvwkZ nq, ZLb ÔcvðvZ¨ gvK©mev`Õ wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ HwZ‡n¨i Ici GKwU bvUKxq AwfNvZ (dramatic impact) †d‡j, hv‡Z nve©vU gviwKDR I Ru¨v cj mv‡Z©i gZb †jLKe„›` AšÍf©~³ wQ‡jb|  hv‡nvK, cvðvZ¨ gvK©mev`x‡`i nv‡Z ciKxKi‡Yi ZË¡ fveev`x Z‡Ë¡i mv‡_ wgwkªZ n‡q c‡o, †hwU ciKxKi‡Yi e¨vL¨v †`q mgvR msMV‡bi †_‡K eis g‡bvweÁv‡bi c`mg~n w`‡q| 1950Gi `k‡Ki †kl cv‡` †h bqv ev‡gi DÌvb N‡U, Zviv ¯Ívwjbev‡`i ZË¡ I Abykxj‡bi (theory and practice of Stalinism) weiæ‡× cÖwZwµqv e¨³ K‡i, wKš‘ bqv ev‡gi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ wKQy †jLKe„›` ¯Ívwjwbq †Mvm‡ji cvwb mn gvK©mxq wkï‡K evB‡i Quy‡o †d‡jb| Zviv gvK©mev‡`i wKQy †K›`ªxq w`Kmg~n cwiZ¨vM K‡ib, †hgb ev`evKx mgv‡Ri Mo‡b A_©‰bwZK KvVv‡gvi †K›`ªxq fywgKv Ges cyuwRZ‡š¿i g‡g© welqMZ †kªYx-Ø›Ømg~n (objective class antagonisms)| †hgbwU †cwi A¨vÛvimb †j‡Lb, GBfv‡e GKwU mvaviY HwZn¨ wn‡m‡e cvðvZ¨ gvK©mev‡`i me‡P‡q j¶Yxq GKK PvwiwÎK ˆewkó¨ n‡jv m¤¢eZ Gi Ici BD‡ivcxq fveev‡`i AvbyµwgK aiYmg~‡ni AcwieZ©bxq Dcw¯’wZ I cÖfveÕ| AvaywbK Rxe‡bi `y`©kvmg~n, Ôwbtm½ RbZvÕ, Ô¶z`ªvwqZ bMievmxe„‡›`i H mgwóKiYmg~n (those aggregations of atomised city dwellers) hviv wcó I wbR©xe Abyfe K‡i GKwU mvgvwRK e¨e¯’v Øviv, †h e¨e¯’v‡Z Zv‡`i Zvrch©gq D‡Ïk¨ A_ev wm×vš— †bqvi ¶gZv †bBÕ Ñ GB welq¸‡jv e¨vL¨vKi‡Y ciKxKiY‡K jy‡d †bqv n‡qwQj| Kxfv‡e mvgvwRK msMVb gvbe mË¡vmg~n‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i- GwUi Dcjwäi †P‡q eis cÖavbZ g‡bi GKwU Ae¯’v eySv‡Z ciKxKiY‡K D‡jøL Kiv nq|

GB mg‡q wKQy †Mvôxi g‡a¨  ciKxKiY m¤ú‡K© d¨vkb‡hvM¨ weåvwšÍK aviYvejxi wUwcK¨vj D`vniY n‡jv GwiK I g¨vwi †Rv‡mdmb KZ…©K m¤úvw`Z eB gvbyl GKv: AvaywbK mgv‡R ciKxKiY (Man Alone: Alienation in Modern Society), GwU cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ nq 1962G Ges 1968Gi c~‡e© AvUevi cybg©yw`ªZ nq| †Rv‡mdmb‡`i Rb¨, ciKxKiY eY©bv K‡i Ôm¤ú~Y© ‡ec‡ivqv Ae¯’vi AeY©bxq Rxebmg~‡ni hv Avgv‡`i hyM‡K wPwýZ K‡iÕ Ges ciKxKiY †_‡K `y‡f©vMiZ‡`i `xN© ZvwjKv hv‡Z AšÍf©~³ Ggbme ˆewPÎgq †Mvôxmg~n †hgb bvix, AwfevmxMY, †hŠY wePy¨ZKMY (sexual deviants), gv`K Avmw³MY, ZiæY gvbylRb Ges wkíxe„›`| wKš‘ m¤úv`Ke„›` ciKxKiY‡K Dcjwä K‡ib GK‡PwUqvfv‡e GKwU gvbwmK Ae¯’v wn‡m‡e, †hwU g‡bv-mvgvwRK e¨wamg~n (psycho-social disorders)Gi GKwU AmvaviY aib‡K wb‡`©wkZ K‡i, hv‡Z AšÍf©~³ Kg©‡¶Î ‡Lvqv‡bv (loss of field), D‡ØM Ae¯’vmg~n, gvb`‡Ûi Afve (anomie), nZvkv, wee¨w³KiY (depersonalisation), wfwËnxbZv (rootlessness), D`vmxbZv (apathy), mvgvwRK wems¯’vqb (social disorganisation), GKvKxZ¡, ¶y`ªvqb (atomisation), ¶gZvnxbZv, A_©nxbZv (meaninglessness), c„_KxKiY (isolation), ‰bivk¨ev` (pessimism), Ges wek¦vmmg~n I g~j¨‡evamg~‡ni webwó (loss of beliefs and values)Õ| hw` ciKxKiY †KejgvÎ GKwU mywbw`©ó gvbwmK mgm¨v n‡q _v‡K, ZLb GwU eyS‡Z cviv hvq †h ciKxKi‡Yi mgvavb Aewk¨ AbymÜvbK…Z n‡Z n‡e GK‡PwUqvfv‡e  e¨w³K m‡PZbv‡Z| ciKxKiY cÖavbZ GKwUl g‡bi Ae¯’v n‡j, ZLb Gi wbwnZv_© eySv hvq †h mgvR msMVb‡K †gŠwjKfv‡e cwieZ©b e¨wZZB GwU wbivgq Kiv hvq| †hgbwU GwiL ‡d«vg (Eric Fromm) civgk© †`b, ciKxKi‡Yi iƒcmg~n (forms) n‡jv Ôweå‡gi †kKjmg~nÕ †h¸‡jv‡K fv½v †h‡Z cv‡i cyuwRZvwš¿K mgv‡Ri †cÖ¶vc‡Ui †fZ‡iB, KviY Zv‡`i DÌvb N‡U ÔwPšÍ‡bi Mreuvav weKímg~n †_‡KÕ|

hv‡nvK, ciKxKi‡Yi Ici  gvK©‡mi †jLv‡jwLmg~n, cvÛywjwcmg~n, Grundrisse I cyuwR, †`Lvq †h Zuvi Rb¨ ciKxKiY ‡¯ªd GKwU g‡bi Ae¯’v wQj bv| mvgwMÖKfv‡e mgvR Kxfv‡e msMwVZ, Zv‡Z e¨w³ †PZbvi (individual psyche) g~jmg~n (roots) A‡š^lY Ki‡Z n‡e| †hgbwU GKRb gvK©mev`x GwU‡K eY©bv K‡ib, ÔciKxK…Z e¨w³wUi Rxeb Kg©KvÛ n‡jv ¸YMZfv‡e GKwU aib|  ag©, cvwievwiK welqvw`, ivRbxwZ, BZ¨vw`‡Z Zvi Kg©mg~n Zvi Drcv`bkxj Kg©Kv‡Ûi gZbB weK…Z I b„ksmvwqZ| GB e›`xkvjv †`Iqvjmg~‡ni evB‡i gvbe Kg©Kv‡Ûi †¶Î †bBÕ| Kxfv‡e Drcv`b cÖwµqv mgMÖ mgvR‡K M‡o- GwU Dcjwäi GKwU Acwinvh© c×wZ Avgv‡`i cÖ`vb K‡i gvK©‡mi ZË¡| ciKxKiY m¤ú‡K© Kg©Kv‡Ûi `ywU †¶Î we`¨gvb hv we‡klfv‡e weZwK©Z| cÖ_gwU n‡jv ciKxK…Z Drcv`‡b eyw×Rxwe, A_ev gvbwmK kªg, Ges m„RbkxjZvi Ae¯’vb|

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mgvR m¤ú‡K© bZzb mZ¨mg~n D˜NvU‡b eyw×RxweM‡Yi m¤¢vebv `ye©j nq kª‡gi mvgvwRK wefvM Øviv| †hgbwU dªvÄ h¨vKz‡evIw¯‹ †j‡Lb,

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GB mxgve×Zvi g‡a¨B e„w×e„wËK Kg©KvÛ msNwUZ nq, mvgwMÖKfv‡e mgvR †_‡K wew”Qbœfv‡e (in isolation from society)| cwiYv‡g, ¯^Zš¿ weÁvbmg~n ÔDcjwä Ki‡Z cv‡i bv GgbwK Zv‡`i ev¯ÍeZvi wbR¯^ g~Z© wfwË (substratum) Gi bxwZ c×wZÕ| bZzb K…r‡KŠkjmg~n (techniques) I c×wZmg~‡ni weKv‡k Avgv‡`i mKj m¤¢vebv cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi Aaxb¯’ nq| cyuwRZvwš¿K mgv‡Ri †Lv` MVb NUbvejx Abymi‡Y Avgv‡`i eyw×e„wËK weKvkmg~n‡K †`vlv‡ivc K‡i mgv‡Ri cÖK…Z Av‡›`vjbmg~n †_‡K Awe‡ePbvcÖm~Zfv‡e c„_K †i‡L| Gi A_© GB bq †h cÖ‡qvRbxq †Kv‡bv wKQyiB weKvk NUv‡bv hvq bv , eis M‡elYv msNwUZ nq GKwU †d«gIqv‡K©i g‡a¨ hv Gi weKvk evavMÖ¯’ I mxgve× K‡i|

cyuwRZvwš¿K mgv‡R wk‡íi Drcv`b I cwi‡fv‡M (production and consumption of art) GKB cÖwµqvmg~n we`¨gvb| †hgbwU BDwRb jvb (Eugene Lunn) e¨vL¨v K‡ib Zvi PgrKvi MÖš’ gvK©mev` I AvaywbKZvev‡`, ey‡R©vqv mgvR GKw`‡K ˆkwíK ¯^vaxbZv (artistic freedom) cÖ`vb K‡i Ges Aci‡K w`‡q Zv wQbZvB K‡i wdwi‡q †bq: Ô ÒmvgšÍZvwš¿KÓ cÖwZeÜKZvmg~‡ni Ici Gi mKj cÖMwZkxj AMÖMwZmn ey‡R©vqv mgvR wk‡íi A‡bK Avw½‡Ki cÖwZB kÎæfvevcbœ, D`vniY¯^iƒc, kªgwefvM, gvbe Kg©Kv‡Ûi A‡bK Avw½‡Ki hvwš¿KxKiY, Ges ¸YMZ welqmg~‡ni Ici cwigvYMZ welqmg~‡ni Avwac‡Z¨i Kvi‡YÕ| gvK©m hyw³ †`b †h weÁvbxMY I eyw×Rxwee„‡›`i gZb wkíxMYI mKj gvbe m„RbkxjZvi c‡Y¨ mvwe©K iƒcvšÍi‡K Gov‡Z cv‡i bv| cÖ_gZ KviY GB †h, Ab¨ mKj †gnbwZ‡`i gZb wkíxMY UvKv evbv‡bv‡Z Zv‡`i mvg‡_©i Ici wbf©ikxj: ÔGLb ch©šÍ m¤§vbK…Z Ges kÖ×vwgwkÖZ m¤£‡gi mv‡_ †`Lv cÖ‡Z¨KwU †ckvi Av‡jvKejq ey‡R©vqv‡kÖYx Acm„Z K‡i‡Q| GwU wPwKrmK, AvBbRxwe, ag©hvRK, Kwe, weÁvbxMY‡K Gi †eZb‡fvMx gRywi kÖwg‡K iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i‡Q| wØZxqZ, jvb †`Lvb †h Kxfv‡e c‡Y¨vrcv`b wkí‡K M‡o ‡Zv‡j| wkíKg© evRv‡i weµqK…Z nq - GB NUbvwU Zv‡`i aviYv I Drcv`‡bi (conception and production) cÖ‡Z¨KwU ch©vq‡K AvKvi †`q| BDwRb my‡qi (Eugene Sue) Dcb¨vm¸‡jvi Ici Zvi mgv‡jvPbvq gvK©m GwUi GKwU D`vniY †`b, G‡Z wZwb ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc K‡ib ‡jL‡Ki Ici Gi D‡Ïwk¨K ey‡R©vqv RbM‡Yi ˆbwZK I ivR‰bwZK aviYvmg~‡ni cÖfve| wkíI c¨Y¨ cuyRv‡K Gov‡Z cv‡i bv| evwb‡R¨i m¤úªmviY Øviv Ava¨vwZ¥KvwqZ inm¨Ki‡Yi GKwU iƒc †jvc †c‡j, wk‡íi †ivgvw›UK gwngvwš^ZKiY eš‘MZ ev¯ÍeZvi (material reality) D‡aŸ© I‡V - GKwU bZzb cyuRv GwU‡K cÖwZ¯’vwcZ K‡i, †mwU n‡jv cY¨ cyuRv| GwU GB welqwUI wb‡`©k K‡i †h Kxfv‡e bqv, P¨v‡jÄvwqZ mvs¯‹…wZK weKvkmg~n `ªæZ wm‡÷gwU‡Z AvZ¥xK…Z nq wbQK GKwU cY¨ wn‡m‡e|

Gi A_© GB bq †h wkíKg©¸‡jv‡K wVK we‡bi wU‡bi mggh©`vq ch©ewmZ Kiv hvq| wkí Avgv‡`i Kíbv I Av‡eM‡K DwÏcxZ K‡i| GwU mgvR m¤úwK©Z Avgv‡`i Dcjwä‡K mg„× K‡i Ges g~Z©vwqZ `„k¨gvbZvi (appearance) ‡cQbKvi Ø›Ømg~‡ni KwZcq‡K cÖKvk Ki‡Z cv‡i| ÔmgvR ev¯ÍeZvmg~n‡K Ave„ZKvix fvev`wk©K †gNmg~n‡K GwU †f` Ki‡Z cv‡iÕ| wKQz wkíx Zuv‡`i kw³ wb‡qvwRZ K‡ib cyuwRZš¿‡K AwZµgKi‡Yi cÖ‡Póvq, cÿvšÍ‡i A‡b¨iv wm‡÷gwU †hfv‡e Aw¯ÍZ¡gvb wVK †mfv‡eB GwU‡K D`hvwcZ Kiv cQ›` K‡ib, wKš‘ Zvic‡iI Zuv‡`i m„RbK…Z wkí cyuwRZ‡š¿I g~Z©vwqZ `„k¨ZgvbZv‡K †f` Ki‡Z cv‡i| †hgbwU jvb †j‡Lb:

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ciKxKi‡Yi Ici gvK©‡mi Z‡Ë¡i wØZxq weZwK©Z cÖ‡qvM n‡jv Kg©‡ÿ‡Îi evB‡i Ab¨vb¨ Kg©KvÛmg~‡ni we‡køl‡Yi m~ÎvqY, †h Kg©KvÛ¸‡jv Avgiv eis cÖ‡qvR‡bi †P‡q cQ‡›`i gva¨‡g †bB| Kv‡Ri `ywbqv hZB Avgv‡`i m¤§yLxb nq cÖwZK~j, wbt‡kwlZ I `ywe©lniƒ‡c, ZZB Av‡iv AwaK gvbylRb Zv‡`i kw³ †X‡j †`q Kv‡Ri evB‡i †h Rxeb Zv‡Z| wm‡÷gwU weKv‡ki mv‡_ mv‡_ Aweivg bZzb bZzb evRvi ‰Zix n‡”Q Avgv‡`i cÖ‡qvRb I AvKv•Lv †gUv‡Z| D`vniY¯^iƒc, Avgv‡`i †`L‡Z †hb wQc-wQ‡c A_ev jv‡M, Avgv‡`i †Ljvi AvKv•Lv, cÖK…wZi AwfÁZv †bqv A_ev wkí (art) Dc‡fvMKiY - G¸‡jv‡K cwi‡ewóZ K‡i weKwkZ eû wgwjqb cvD‡Ûi  wkí (industries) we‡ePbv Kiv hvK| Avgv‡`i ÔAeKvk wkíÕ I Ôwe‡bv`b wkíÕ i‡q‡Q - wVK GB cÖcÂwU wVK †h m‡Z¨i wb‡`©kbv †`q Zv n‡jv AeKvk n‡Z Kv‡Ri we‡”Q` Avgv‡`i gy³ mg‡q GKUv k~b¨Zv ‡i‡L †`q: GBfv‡e Kv‡Ri evB‡i mg‡qi cwiZ…wß ch©šÍ evRv‡ii Ici wbf©ikxj n‡q c‡o, †h evRvi e¨vcK gvÎvq H mg¯Í c‡ivÿ we‡bv`bmg~n Ges RgKv‡jv cÖ`k©bxmg~n weKwkZ K‡i hv bM‡ii mxgve× †cÖÿvcUmg~‡ni mv‡_ m½wZc~Y© Ges Rxe‡bi Rb¨ weKí wn‡m‡e G¸‡jv wb‡e`b Kiv nq|

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