ত্রৎস্কি উত্তর ত্রৎস্কিবাদ

 Îrw¯‹ DËi Îrw¯‹ev`

 Uwb wK¬d

Abyev`: m g AvRv`

DrmM©: m‡šÍvl m¨vi‡K 

Aa¨vq GK

 mgm¨vi ¯^xK…Zvqb

                                                       

 KwgDwb÷ Bk‡Znv‡i gvK©m I G‡½jm e‡jb †h kªwgK‡kªYxi HwZnvwmK I AvšÍR©vwZK AwfÁZv †_‡K KwgDwb÷iv mvaviYxKiY K‡i| GB AwfÁZv me©`v cwieZ©bkxj Ges weKvkgvb| myZivs gvK©mev` memgq cwiewZ©Z nq| gvK©mev‡`i cwieZ©b †_‡g †M‡j GwU g„Z gZev‡` cwiYZ nq| KL‡bv HwZnvwmK cwieZ©b N‡U axi MwZ‡Z Ges cÖvq Ae¨³fv‡e| wKš‘ KL‡bv KL‡bv cwieZ©b i¨vwWK¨vj nq| d‡j gvK©mev‡`i BwZnv‡m AvKw¯§K µvwšÍKvj †`Lv hvq|

D`vniY¯^iƒc, 1848Gi Avmbœ wecø­‡ei cðvr-‡cÖ¶vcU we‡ePbvq bv G‡b GKR‡bi c‡¶ KwgDwb÷ Bk‡Znvi Gi mvdj¨ †evSv m¤¢e bq|

Avi GKwU µvwšÍKvj wQj 1871Gi c¨vwim KwgDb| GwU gvK©m‡K d«v‡Ý M„nhy× wjL‡Z Aby‡cÖiYv hywM‡qwQj| ÔkªwgK‡kªYx cyivZb ivóªhš¿ `Lj K‡i mgvRZš¿ Mo‡Z GwU‡K e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡i bvÕ|<sup>1</sup> wZwb e‡jb †h kªwgK‡kªYx‡K Aewk¨ cyuwRev`x ivóªhš¿‡K aŸsm Ki‡Z n‡e Ges bZzb ivóªhš¿ Mo‡Z n‡e hv‡Z †Kvb cywjk evwnbx , ¯’vqx †mbvevwnbx ev AvgjvZš¿ _vK‡e bv| GB iv‡óª mKj Kg©KZ©v wbe©vwPZ Ges †h †Kv‡bv mg‡q cªZ¨vnvi‡hvM¨ n‡e| †h gRyi‡`i Zviv cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i, Zv‡`i mgvb gRywi cvIqv DwPZ| KwgDwb÷ Bk‡Znvi-G G¸‡jvi †Kvb D‡jøL †bB| GLb gvK©m kªwgK‡kªYxi iv‡óªi †K›`ªxq ˆewkó¨vejx wPwýZ Ki‡jb| wZwb weªwUk wgDwRqv‡g Mfxi Aa¨qb K‡i GB Dcmsnv‡i Av‡mbwb| Zuvi Dcjwä G‡mwQj c¨vwi‡mi kªwgK‡`i Kg©KvÛ †_‡K| Giv ¶gZv `Lj K‡i wU‡KwQj PzqvËi w`b| Giv ‡`wL‡qwQj kªwgK‡kªYx Kx ai‡bi ivóª cÖwZôv Ki‡Z cv‡i|

cybivq, Îrw¯‹i ¯’vqx wecø‡ei ZË¡ wQj 1905Gi wecø‡ei  mn-Drcv`| GB ZË¡ hyw³ †`q †h cðvrc` I AbybœZ †`k¸‡jv‡Z ey‡R©vqv †kªYx †`ix‡Z AvMZ wn‡m‡e ey‡R©vqv MYZvwš¿K Kg©m~Px, †hgb RvZxq ¯^vaxbZv AR©b I K…wl ms¯‹vi m¤úbœ Ki‡Z LyeB fxZz I i¶Ykxj| K…lK †kªYxi cy‡ivfv‡M kªwgK †kªYxi †bZ…‡Z¡ GB Kg©m~Px m¤úbœ n‡Z cv‡i wecø‡ei ga¨ w`‡q| GB Bmy¨¸‡jv mgvav‡bi cÖwµqv‡Z kªwgK †kªYxi wecøe ey‡R©vqv m¤úwËi wbqgvejxi mxgvbv AwZµg K‡i Ges kªwgK †kªYxi ivóª cÖwZôvi w`‡K PvwjZ K‡i|

ey‡R©vqv †kªYx cÖwZwecøex Ges kªwgK †kªYx K…lK †kªYx‡K †bZ…Z¡ ‡`‡e- GB aviYvejx †Kvb AšÍ`„©wó bq- hv Îrw¯‹i cÖwZfvevb gb †_‡K ¯^ZtùzZ©fv‡e D™¢~Z| G¸‡jv 1905Gi wecø‡ei ev¯ÍeZvq Avwe®K…Z| AvbykxjbxKfv‡e GwU †`Lvq †h wKfv‡e ey‡R©vqviv bq, kªwgK †kªYx msMÖvg K‡i RviZš¿ DrLvZ K‡i mgv‡Ri Ici MYZvwš¿K wbqš¿Yfv‡ii Abykxjb K‡i| †c‡ÎvMÖv`, wecø­‡ei †K‡›`ª Ggb Kx kªwgK‡kªYxi iv‡óªi msMVb kªwgK KvDwÝj ev †mvwf‡qZ weKwkZ K‡i| ‡jwbb I jy‡·gev‡M©i gZb e¨w³‡Z¡i Øviv gvK©mev‡`i Av‡iv weKvkvqb N‡U HwZnvwmK AwfÁZvi Av‡jv‡K| 1905G ivwkqv I †cvj¨v‡Û msNwUZ msMÖv‡gi DcRvZ wQj jy‡·gev‡M©i MY-ag©NU m¤úwK©Z cÖwZfvgwÛZ eBwU|

¯Ívwjb ej‡kwfK wecø­‡ei HwZn¨‡K gy‡Q †djvi †Póv K‡ib, ZLb GKwU bZzb mwÜKvj ïiæ nq| Gi myi¶v‡K eRvq ivLvi `vwqZ¡ Îrw¯‹i Ici b¨¯Í nq| 1940G Zuvi nZ¨vi c~e© ch©šÍ wZwb eyw×`xßfv‡e GB `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib| hv‡nvK, wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i ci Zuvi cÖwZwôZ PZz_© AvšÍRv©wZK bZyb I wm×vwšÍK (decisive) P¨v‡j‡Äi m¤§yLxb nq, GwU wQj Gi cÖwZôvZv KZ©„K KíbvK…Z Ae¯’v †_‡K i¨vwWK¨vjMZfv‡e wfbœ cwiw¯’wZ Kxfv‡e †gvKv‡ejv Ki‡Z n‡e| GwU we‡kl Amyweavmg~‡ni m„wó K‡i, Av‡›`vjbwU Amvgvb¨ cÖwZfvai Rvqv‡›Ui Ghver ch©šÍ †`qv †bZ…Z¡ †_‡K ewÂZ nq|

Îrw¯‹i c~e©vfvm (Trotosky’s prognosis)

Zuvi g„Zz¨i c~‡e© Îrw¯‹ GKmvwi fwel¨ØvYx K‡ib| Gi g‡a¨ PviwU wØZxq wek¦hy× cieZ©x weKv‡ki ev¯ÍeZv w`‡q cÖ‡kœi m¤§yLxb nq|

(1) wZwb Abygvb K‡ib †h ivwkqv‡Z ¯Ívwjbev`x †iwRg wU‡K _vK‡Z cvi‡e bv| 1935Gi 1 †deªæqvwi‡Z Zuvi ‘The Workers’ State, Thermidor and Bonapartism’wk‡ivbv‡g GKwU cÖeÜ cÖKvwkZ nq| G‡Z wZwb hyw³ †`b †h †evbvcvU©cš’vi GKwU aib wn‡m‡e ¯Ívwjbev` wb‡R‡K `xN©w`b wUwK‡q ivL‡Z cvi‡e bv| wcivwg‡Wi P~ovq fvimvg¨ve¯’vq ivLv GKwU †MvjK Awbevh©iƒ‡c  Mwo‡q co‡e nq Gcvk w`‡q A_ev Aci †Kvb cvk w`‡q| myZivs, Ô¯Ívwjbev`x  ‡iwRg Awbevh© aŸs‡mi w`‡K G¸‡eÕ|²

Gi GKwU djvdj n‡Z cv‡i cyuwRev`x cybM©Vb| 1934Gi 10 Ryb Ôhy× I PZz_© AvšÍR©vwZKÕ wk‡ivbv‡gi Awfm›`‡f© Îrw¯‹ ‡j‡Lb †h ÔcÖjw¤^Z hy‡×i mv‡_ wek¦ cÖ‡jZvwq‡Zi wbw®ŒqZv hy³ nIqvi †cÖ¶vc‡U, ‡mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡b Af¨šÍixY mvgvwRK Ø›Ø ey‡R©vqv †evbvcvwU©q cÖwZwecø­‡ei w`‡K n‡Z cv‡i, n‡Z n‡eÕ|³

1936Gi 8 RyjvB wZwb GKwU weKí fwel¨‡Zi iƒc‡iLv Zz‡j a‡ib:

‡mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb hy× †_‡K AcivwRZfv‡e D‡V Avm‡Z mg_© n‡e †KejgvÎ GKwU k‡Z©i Aax‡b, Ges Zv n‡jv GwU hw` cvðvZ¨ ev cÖv‡P¨i wecø­e w`‡q mgw_©Z nq| wKš‘ GKB mg‡q AvšÍR©vwZK wecøe †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi GKgvÎ myi¶v n‡jI, GwU Avevi †mvwf‡qZ AvgjvZ‡š¿i Rb¨ g„Zz¨ N›Uv|⁴

‡h †cÖ¶vcUB Avgiv we‡ePbv Kwi bv †Kb, GUv ¯úó ‡h ¯Ívwjbcš’x †iwR‡gi Aw¯’wZkxjZv m¤ú‡K© Îrw¯‹i `„p cÖZ¨q R‡b¥wQj| ZvB 1939Gi 25 †m‡Þ¤^‡i hy‡× BDGmGmAvi cÖe‡Ü wZwb †j‡Lb †h iæk †iwRg‡K w¯’wZkxj †kªYx e¨e¯’v wn‡m‡e †`Lvi A_© nj ÔAvgv‡`i wb‡R‡`i nvm¨Ki Ae¯’vq wbcwZZKiYÕ| KviY H mg‡q ÔGwU wQj Gi A‡MŠiegq cZ‡bi wVK K‡qK eQi ev K‡qK gvm c~&‡e©Kvi mgqÕ|⁵

wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i ci cÖK…Z ev¯ÍeZv wQj LyeB c„_K| ¯Ívwjbcš’x ‡iwR‡gi cZb N‡Uwb| cªK…Zc‡¶, 1945Gi c‡i c~e© BD‡ivc ch©šÍ m¤cÖmvwiZ n‡q GwUi kw³ e„w× N‡U|

(2) Îrw¯‹ †f‡ewQ‡jb †h cyuwRev` PzovšÍ msKUMÖ¯’| d‡j Drcv`b e„w× cvqwb Ges Gi m‡½ m¤úK©hy³ n‡q †Kvb HKvwšÍK mvgvwRK ms¯‹vi ev RbM‡Yi RxebhvÎvi gv‡bi †Kvb DbœwZ nqwb| 1938G The Death Agony of Capitalism and the Tasks of the Fourth InternationalcÖe‡Ü Îrw¯‹ †j‡Lb †h cvðvZ¨ wek¦:

. . . ¶wqòz cyuwRev‡`i hy‡M: hLb mvaviYfv‡e cÖYvjxe× mvgvwRK ms¯‹vi Ges RbM‡Yi RxebhvÎvi gv‡bi Dbœq‡bi †Kvb Av‡jvPbvB P‡j bv........cÖ‡jZvwi‡q‡Zi cÖwZwU HKvwšÍK `vex Ges GgbKx †cwU-ey‡R©vqv †kªYxi cÖwZwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© `vex Awbevh©iƒ‡c ey‡R©vqv m¤úwË m¤úK© Ges ey‡Rvq©v iv‡óªi mxgv‡K AwZµg K‡i|⁶

hv‡nvK hy‡×vËi wek¦ cyuwRev` mvaviY g›`v (stagantion) I cwi¶q (decay) Gi duv‡` AvUKv c‡owb| cÖK…Zc‡¶, cwðgv cyuwRev` e¨vcK m¤úÖmviY Dc‡fvM K‡i Ges mv‡_ mv‡_ ms¯‹viev`I weKwkZ nq| gvBK wKWªb †hgbwU e‡jb, Ôhy× cieZ©xKv‡j `xN©mg‡qi Rb¨ c×wZwU mvgwMÖKfv‡e `ªæZ e„w× cvqÑ1950-1964†Z 1913-1950Gi wظY, Ges  H cÖR‡b¥i c~‡e© cÖvq A‡a©K `ªæZ e„w× cvqÕ|⁷

d‡j mvgvwRK MYZš¿x Ges KwgDwb÷ cvwU©¸‡jvi fv½b `~‡ii K_v, hy‡×vËiKv‡j msL¨vq I mg_©‡b c~‡e©i Zzjbvq Zviv AwaKZi kw³kvjx nq| RxebhvÎvi gv‡bi Dbœq‡Yi wfwˇZ ms¯‹viev‡`i weKvk N‡U|

D`vniY¯^iƒc, weª‡U‡b A¨vUwj miKvi ms¯‹viev‡`i kxl©‡Z¡i cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i| 1945G MwVZ GwU †KejgvÎ cÖ_g msL¨vMwiô ‡jevi miKviB wQjbv, GwU †jevi cvwU©i BwZnv‡m  PzovšÍ D”PZvi (high-point) cÖwZwbwaZ¡ Ki‡Zv| 1945-51Gi †jevi miKvi m¤ú‡K© wg_ hvB _vKyK bv †Kb, wbtm‡›`‡n GwU wQj Zv‡`i g‡a¨ me‡_‡K Kvh©Ki ms¯‹viev`x miKvi|

A¨vUwji Aax‡b kªwg‡Kiv Ges Zv‡`i cwievieM© hy×c~e© mgq †_‡K AwaKZi AMÖmi nq| miKvi mvgvwRK †mev Lv‡Z D”P e¨q eRvq iv‡L| 1949Gi GwcÖj bvMv` Lv`¨ fZ©ywK 465 wgwjqb cvD‡Û DbœxZ nq, GwU ZLb ch©šÍ e¨vcK e¨‡qi cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i Ges kªwgK RbM‡Yi e¨q n«v‡m f~wgKv iv‡L| Ges Aewk¨, c~Y© Kg©ms¯’vb Ges g„`y Av‡cw¶K g~j¨ùxwZ kªwgK‡`i Rb¨ wQj Acwi‡gq Avwk©ev`|

miKv‡ii Rb¨ ‡h welqwU  MYmg_©b wbwðZ K‡iwQj Zv nj c~Y© Kg©ms¯’vb| †jevi cvwU©i ¶gZvmxb mg‡q ‡eKviZ¡ wQj LyeB Kg (†KejgvÎ 1947Gi kx‡Zi R¡vjvwb msK‡Ui mgqUzKz ev` w`‡q, †m mgq GwU 3%G DbœxZ n‡qwQj)| Qq eQi c~‡e©i Zzjbvq 1951Gi Ry‡b 3.5 wgwjq‡bi AwaK kªwg‡Ki Kg©-ms¯’vb n‡qwQj|⁸ Avi GKwU wbqvgK wQj Kj¨vY ivóª hvi cZvKvevnx cÖZxK wQj b¨vkbvj †nj&_ mvwf©m|

kªwgK‡`i gv‡S †jevi cvwU©i RbwcÖqZv wQj Ly&eB D”P| 1943Gi Dcwbe©vP‡b GwU gvÎ Avmb nvwi‡qwQj! AwaKš‘ 1951Gi A‡±vei mvaviY wbe©vP‡b Zviv †fvU †c‡qwQj 1,39,48,605wU, me©‡gvU M„wnZ †fv‡Ui 49.4% wQj GwU| †KejgvÎ wbe©vPbx e¨e¯’v (electoral system)-Gi A™¢zZ Kg©KvÛ cvjv©‡g‡›U †Uvwi‡`i msL¨vMwiôZv w`‡qwQj| †`‡k K…”QZvmvab I †ikwbs Ges we‡`‡k hy×iZ m‡Ë¡I, †jevi cvwU© Zvi mg_©b a‡i †i‡LwQj|⁹

Ges weª‡UbB e¨wZµg wQjbv| BD‡ivc Ry‡o RxebhvÎvi gvb e„w× †c‡qwQj| m¤ú~Y© Kg©ms¯’vb ev cÖvq m¤ú~Y© Kg©ms¯’vb weivRgvb wQj| c×wZMZ ms¯‹vi AwR©Z nq Ges MY ms¯‹viev`x cvwU©¸‡jv wbwðý nqwb|  Rvg©vwb, d«vÝ, †¯úb, biI‡q, myB‡Wb, †WbgvK© Ges Ab¨vb¨ †`k¸‡jv‡Z mvgvwRK MYZš¿x cvwU©¸‡jv `xN© w`‡bi Rb¨ kvmb K‡i|

(3) Zuvi ¯’vqx wecø‡ei ZË¡ e¨envi K‡i Îrw¯‹ e‡jb †h cðvrc` I AbybœZ †`k¸‡jv‡Z ey‡Rv©qv MYZš¿x Kg©m~Px¸‡jv †hgb RvZxq gyw³ Ges K…wl ms¯‹vi m¤úbœ Ki‡Z cv‡i A_ev GwM‡q wb‡Z cv‡i kªwgK †kªYxi ¶gZv|

GwUI cÖK…Z NUbvejxi Øviv cÖZ¨vLvZ nq| `ywbqvi me‡_‡K Rbeûj †`k Px‡b, †`‡ki HK¨e×KiY, mvgªvR¨ev‡`i KvQ †_‡K ¯^vaxbZv Avbqb Ges f~wg ms¯‹viKi‡Y gvI GKwU ¯Ívwjbcš’x cvwU©i †bZ…Z¡ †`b m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c kªwgK‡kªYx †_‡K wew”Qbœ n‡q| GKB ai‡Yi cÖwµqv msNwUZ nq Ab¨vb¨ †`‡k, †hgb wKDev I wf‡qZbv‡g|

 (4) me‡k‡l, hw` D‡jøwLZ c~e©vfvm wZbwU mwVK n‡Zv, Z‡e ¯Ívwjbev` A_ev ms¯‹viev‡`i †Kv‡bv fwel¨r _vK‡Zv bv Ges fwel¨r D¤§y³ _vK‡Zv PZz_© AvšÍR©vwZ‡Ki `ªæZ AMÖmivq‡b| GB †cÖ¶vc‡U, Îrw¯‹ LyeB AvZ¥wek¦vmx wQ‡jb †h, Avmbœ Aí K‡qK eQ‡iB Gi wekvj fwel¨r i‡q‡Q|

1938Gi 10 A‡±ve‡i wZwb †j‡Lb:

25 eQi c~‡e©i Zzjbvq gvbeRvwZ AwaKZi `wi`ª n‡q c‡o‡Q, hLb aŸs‡mi Dcvq¸‡jv Amxgfv‡e ¶gZvevb n‡q‡Q| myZivs hy‡×i cÖ_g gvm¸‡jv‡ZB kªwgK RbM‡Yi gv‡S `¤¢ev` (chauvinism)Gi ayuqvi weiæ‡× S‡ov cÖwZwµqv †`Lv ‡`‡e| GB cÖwZwµqvi cÖ_g wkKvi n‡e d¨vwmev`mn wØZxq I Z…Zxq AvšÍR©vwZ‡Ki cvwU©¸‡jv| wbwðZ wecøex Av‡›`vj‡bi Rb¨ Zv‡`i aŸsm n‡”Q Acwinvh© kZ©, hv Zvi ùwUKvq‡bi Rb¨ PZz_© AvšÍR©vwZK Qvov Avi †Kv‡bv A¶ A‡š^lY Ki‡e bv| Gi D¾xweZ K¨vWvie„›` wbh©vwZZ RbZv‡K ‡bZ…Z¡ w`‡q Avµg‡Yi cy‡ivfv‡M wb‡q Avm‡e|¹⁰  

Îrw¯‹ B‡Zg‡a¨ wee„Z K‡ib †h:

hLb KwgDwb÷ Bk‡Znvi Gi kZel© (A_v©r 1948) D`hvcb n‡e, ZLb PZz_© AvšÍRv©wZK wm×vwšÍK wecøex kw³ n‡e Avgv‡`i MÖ‡n|¹¹

18 A‡±vei 1938G ÔPZz_© AvšÍRv©wZK cÖwZôvÕ kxl©K GKwU e³…Zv‡Z Îrw¯‹ wb‡gœv³ welqwU‡Z ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc K‡ib:

`k eQi! gvÎ `k eQi! Avgv‡K GKwU fwel¨rAbygvb †kl Ki‡Z AbygwZ w`b: cieZ©x `k eQi mg‡q PZz_© AvšÍR©vwZ‡Ki Kg©m~Pxmg~n n‡e wbhyZ wbhyZ RbZvi c_ cÖ`k©K Ges GB wecøex wbhyZ wbhyZ RbZv Rvb‡e Kxfv‡e ¯^M©ÑgZ©‡K Kuvwc‡q w`‡Z n‡e|¹²

GKB w_‡g cybive„wËK gšÍe¨mg~n GB mZ¨ cÖwZôv K‡i †h PZz_© AvšÍR©vwZ‡Ki `ªæZ weR‡qi Ici wee„wZmg~n †d‡j †`qvi gZ wQj bv, eis Zuvi g„Zz¨ Aewa GwU wQj GKwU aªæe †hvMm~Î|

nvq, GB fwel¨rÑAbygvbI wQj wfwËnxb, KviY 1945 cieZ©x NUbvejxi cÖK…Z ev¯ÍeZv ivwkqv, cwðgv cyuwRev`, I Z…Zxq wek¦ m¤ú‡K© Zuvi cye©vfvm‡K åvšÍ cÖgvwYZ K‡i| PZz_© AvšÍR©vwZ‡Ki Rb¨ Lye mvgvb¨ RvqMv we`¨gvb _v‡KÑkªwgK †kªYxi Ici mvgvb¨ cÖfvemn Îrw¯‹cš’x msMVbmg~n ¶y`ªvwZ¶y`ª n‡q hvq|

gvK©mev‡` Îrw¯‹i Ae¯’vb

Îrw¯‹‡K Avgv‡`i Îrw¯‹cš’x‡`i Kx c×wZ‡Z †`Lv DwPZ Ñ G e¨vcv‡i cÖv_wgK gšÍe¨ Riæix| wZwb Avgv‡`i gv‡S ivR‰bwZK Rvqv›U wQ‡jb| wZwb A‡±vei wecø­‡ei msMVK, jvjevwnbxi †bZv, †jwb‡bi m‡½ KwgDwb÷ AvšÍRv©wZ‡Ki †bZv wQ‡jb|

1926G weª‡Ub, ev 1925-27G Pxb wecøe, ev bvrwmev‡`i DÌv‡bi mgqKvi Rvg©vbx, 1936Gi d«vÝ Ges 1931-38Gi †¯ú‡bi cwiw¯’wZ Ñ G¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© wPšÍv Ki‡Z †h‡q Îrw¯‹ PgrKvi mvg_©¨  cÖ`k©b K‡ib RwUj cwiw¯’wZ we‡køl‡Y, fwel¨r weKvkvejx m¤ú‡K© fwel¨revYx‡Z, cÖ‡qvRbxq †KŠkj  mycvwi‡k|

Îrw¯‹i evYx cÖvqB fwel¨rm~PK (prophetic) wQj| A‡bK †¶‡ÎB Zuvi we‡kø­lYmg~n cÖwZfv`xßfv‡e mg‡qi Kwócv_‡i DËxY© n‡qwQj| HwZnvwmK e¯‘ev`x c×wZ e¨env‡i, A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK wbqvgKmg~n ms‡køl‡Y, wbhyZ RbM‡Yi MY-gb¯Í‡Ë¡i m‡½ Zv‡`i AvšÍtm¤úK© ch©‡e¶‡Y, Ges welqx wbqvgK (subjective factor) Gi Zvrch© Abyave‡b, gnvb NUbvejx‡Z kªwgK †kªYxi cvwU© I kªwgK †kªYxi †bZ…‡Z¡i f~wgKvÑGB mg¯Í wel‡q ‡Kvb gvK©mev`x wPšÍvbvqKB Zuv‡K AwZµg Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb|¹³Îrw¯‹i iæk wecø­‡ei BwZnvm Ab¨ †h †Kvb BwZnvm welqK gvK©mev`x †jLv‡jwL‡K AwZµg K‡i †M‡Q| GwU nj Af~Zc~e© mg„w× I †mŠ›`‡h©i we‡kølYxq I ˆkwíK KxwZ©|¹⁴

Îrw¯‹i 1928-40Gi †jLv‡jwL¸‡jv, †hgb Rvgv©bx, d«vÝ I †¯ú‡bi weKvkvejxi Dci wbeÜ, cÖeÜ I eBmg~n nj me‡P‡q †gavex gvK©mev`x †jLv¸‡jvi Ab¨Zg| ‡m¸‡jv‡K Kvj© gvK©‡mi me‡P‡q †miv HwZnvwmK ‡jLv¸‡jv ‡hgb, jyB †evbvcv‡U©i AvVv‡iv eªy‡gqvi I d«v‡Ý †kªYx msMÖvg­ ÑG¸‡jvi m‡½ GK mvwi‡Z ¯’vb †`qv hvq| Îrw¯‹ wb‡R‡K †KejgvÎ cwiw¯’wZ we‡kø­l‡YB mxgve× iv‡Lbwb, m‡½ m‡½ cÖ‡jZvwi‡q‡Zi Rb¨ K‡g©i ¯úó w`K wb‡`©kbv (clear line of action) †`b| ‡KŠkj I c×wZi (strategy and tactics) we‡ePbvq Zuvi †jLv‡jwL¸‡jv LyeB g~j¨evb wecøex g¨vbyqvj| G¸‡jv †jwb‡bi †miv †jLv¸‡jvi m‡½ Zzjbxq|

            wnUjv‡ii ¶gZvq Awaôv‡bi cye©eZx© eQi¸‡jv‡Z Rvg©vbxi Ici Zuvi †jLv¸‡jv nj Îrw¯‹i KvR¸‡jvi g‡a¨ g~j¨evb i‡Zœi GKwU D`vniY| H mg‡q `ywbqv‡Z Rvg©vbx wQj Ggb GKwU ‡`k †hwU‡Z me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© kªwgK †kªYxi Av‡›`vjb we`¨gvb wQj| GwU Mfxi g›`v I mvgvwRK msK‡U cÖ‡ek KiwQj, hv bvrwm Av‡›`vj‡bi `ªæZ e„w×i cðvrcU wQj| Gi gy‡LvgywL n‡q Îrw¯‹ Zuvi mKj kw³ I Ávb wb‡qvwRZ K‡ib| GB mg‡q wZwb Rvg©vbxi cwiw¯’wZ we‡kølY K‡i e¨vcK msL¨K cyw¯ÍKv, cvç‡jU I wbeÜmg~n †j‡Lb| Zuvi me‡P‡q cÖwZfv`xß †jLv‡jwLi g‡a¨ †m¸‡jvI AšÍfy©³| †Kvb NUbvejxi MwZavivq Ggb c~e©Ávb (prescience) Avi †Kv_vI †`Lv hvq bv| bvrmx‡`i DÌv‡bi fqven wech©q hv Rvg©vb‡`imn AvšÍR©vwZK kªwgK †kªYx‡K ûgwKMÖ¯’ KiwQj †m m¤ú‡K© wZwb mZK© K‡i w`‡qwQ‡jb| Zv‡`i _vgv‡bvi Rb¨ K‡gv©‡`¨vM, kªwgK Av‡›`vj‡bi me¸‡jv msMV‡bi hy³d«‡›Ui Rb¨ Zuvi Avnevb Av‡iv †ekx Riæix n‡q c‡o| `ytLRbKfv‡e Zuvi fwel¨rm~PK ûwkqvwimg~n Ges Riæix Avnevbmg~‡n KY©cvZ Kiv nqwb| Zuvi Kɯ^i Ai‡Y¨ †iv`b n‡qwQj| KwgDwb÷ cvwU© (KPD) A_ev mgvR MYZš¿x cvwU© (SDP) ‡Kvb g‡bv‡hvM †`qwb| hw` K‡g©v‡`¨v‡Mi Rb¨ Îrw¯‹i we‡kø­lY I cÖ¯Ívebvmg~n M„wnZ n‡Zv, Zvn‡j kZvãxi cieZ©x BwZnvmg~n m¤ú~Y© c„_K n‡Z cvi‡Zv| Rvgv©b NUbvejxi Ici Îrw¯‹i we‡kø­lY GB `„wó‡KvY †_‡K we‡klfv‡e ü`qMÖvnx †h, †jLK NUbvejxi `„k¨cU †_‡K we‡ePbvi †hvM¨ `~i‡Z¡ Ae¯’vb KiwQ‡jb| ZviciI wZwb cy•Lvbycy•Liƒ‡c cÖwZw`bKvi NUbvejx AbymiY Ki‡Z e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z ‡c‡iwQ‡jb| 1930-33Gi Îrw¯‹i †jLv‡jwLi Aa¨qb, G¸‡jvi gyZ©Zv ¯úó aviYv †`q †h †jLK Aewk¨ Rvg©vbx‡Z emevm KiwQ‡jb, Zzi‡¯‹i wcÖbwK‡cv Øx‡ci gZ †Kvb `yieZ©x ¯’v‡b bq|¹⁵

1930 Gi `k‡Ki fqven AÜKvi w`b¸‡jv‡Z Îrw¯‹ Avgv‡`i Rb¨ D™¢vwmZ nb GKRb cÖwZfv`xß cwiPvjb ZviKv (guiding star) wn‡m‡e| bvrmx‡`i fxwZcÖ` DÌv‡b, Ges g‡¯‹vi mvRv‡bv wePv‡iÑhv‡Z A‡±vei wecøe, ej‡kwfK cvwU© I KwgbUv‡b©i †bZv‡`i bvrwm G‡R›U wn‡m‡e ‡`vlx MY¨ Kiv nq, Avgv‡`i wbf©ikxjZv Av`wk©K I Av‡ewMKfv‡e Mfxi I †evaMg¨ wQj | Zuvi mvgwMÖK Ae¯’vi we‡køl‡Yi Ges GUv‡K †gvKv‡ejvKi‡Y Zuvi Øviv weKvkK…Z `iKvix †KŠkj I c×wZi (strategy and tactics) cÖwZfv`xß m„Rbkxj ¶gZvi Ici Avgv‡`i m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c I mwVKfv‡e cÖZ¨q ˆZix n‡qwQj|

wØZxq wek¦hy× cieZ©x Ae¯’v Îrw¯‹cš’xMY Kxfv‡e †g‡b wb‡qwQ‡jb?

hy‡×i c‡i ¯Ívwjbcš’x †iwR‡gi fwel¨r, cyuwRev`x cwðgv wek¦mn cðvrc` I Dbœqbkxj cÖv‡P¨i mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK Ae¯’v m¤ú‡K© Îrw¯‹i fwel¨ØvYxmg~n mZ¨ nqwbÑGB ev¯ÍeZvi †gvKv‡ejv wQj ev¯ÍweKB hš¿Yv`vqKfv‡e †e`bvKi| ev¯Íe Ae¯’vi †gvKv‡ejv cwinvi K‡i Îrw¯‹i evYxmg~n Av¶wiKfv‡e evievi DׄZ K‡i Îrw¯‹‡K LyeB m¤§vb †`qv n‡jI, Zv LyeB Acgv‡biI e‡U| GUv n‡jv Zuv‡K civ-HwZnvwmK (supra-historical) e¨w³ e‡j MY¨KiY; hv ag©xq †Mvôxi m‡½ mvhyR¨c~Y©, wKš‘ ˆeÁvwbK mgvRZš¿, gvK©mev‡`i Abymvix‡`i Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨ bq| fvivµvšÍ g‡b Avgv‡`i ¯§iY Ki‡Z nq GKwU cÖev‡`i hv Avwi‡¯ÍvZ‡ji e‡j MY¨ Kiv nq: Ôcøv‡Zv Avgvi wcÖq, wKš‘ GLb ch©šÍ mZ¨ Avgvi wbKU AwaKZi wcÖq|Õ

‡evaMg¨fv‡e, wKš‘ åvšÍfv‡e PZz_© AvšÍR©vwZ‡Ki †bZ…Z¡ mvgwMÖKfv‡e GB mZ¨‡K †gvKv‡ejv Ki‡Z A¯^xK…wZ Rvbvq †h †gŠj fwel¨ØvYx¸‡jv NUbvejx w`‡q Ag~jK e‡j cÖwZcbœ| GB mZ¨wUi m¤§yLxb nIqv  wQj GB cÖkœwUi Dˇii Rb¨ c~e©kZ©: †Kb †m¸‡jv mZ¨ nqwb? DËi A‡š^l‡Yi kZKiv beŸB fvM n‡jv mZ¨ cÖkœwU wRÁvmvKiY| AvBRvK wbDU‡bi A‡bK A‡bK c~e© †_‡KB MvQ †_‡K Av‡c‡ji cZb NUZ| Zuvi Ô†Kb?Õ cÖkœwU wRÁvmvKiYB AwfKl© m~‡Îi w`‡K avweZ nq|

wek¦ Îrw¯‹cš’vi msKU AwZµg‡Y, GKRb‡K Îrw¯‹i fwel¨ØvYxmg~n I ev¯ÍeZvi ga¨Kvi wekvj e¨eavb‡K †gvKv‡ejv Ki‡Z nq| GwU cÖ‡qvRwbKfv‡e N‡Uwb|

Îrw&¯‹i cÖ_g AbygvbwU ‡bqv hvK| Dc‡ii DׄwZ Abymv‡i, wZwb ‡f‡ewQ‡jb †h ¯Ívwjbev`x ‡iwRg hy‡× wU‡K _vK‡Z cvi‡e bv| Zvici hLb ivwkqv‡Z ¯Ívwj‡bi wbqš¿Y Ae¨vnZ _v‡K ZLb gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi Îrw¯‹cš’x‡`i †bZv †Rgm wc K¨vb‡bi Dcmsnvi wQj †h AZGe hy× †kl nqwb!

Îrw¯‹ c~e©vbygvb K‡ib †h †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi fvM¨ wba©vwiZ n‡e hy‡×, hv Avgv‡`i `„p wek¦vm Ry‡o Ae¯’vb K‡i| Avgiv †KejgvÎ wKQy †jv‡Ki m‡½ wfbœgZ †cvlY Kwi hviv Zvw”Qj¨ mnKv‡i g‡b K‡i †h hy× †kl| hy× †KejgvÎ GKwU ch©v‡qi ga¨ w`‡q AwZµg K‡i‡Q Ges GLb wØZxq ch©v‡qi Rb¨  cybt‡MvôxKiY I cybtmsV‡bi cÖwµqv‡Z i‡q‡Q| hy× †kl nqwb, Ges Avgiv ewj BD‡iv‡c hy× †_‡K cvIqv Bmy¨ nj wecø­e hv G‡RÛv †_‡K ev` †`qv nqwb| GwU‡K †KejgvÎ wejw¤^Z Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges ¯’wMZ Kiv n‡q‡Q, cÖv_wgKfv‡e h‡_ó gvÎvq kw³kvjx wecøex cvwU©i Afv‡ei Rb¨|¹⁶

GwU wQj Scholasticism Gi Pig `„óvšÍ| ga¨hy‡M scholastic cwÛZMY weZK© Ki‡Zb †h kx‡Z †Zj R‡g wKbv, wKš‘ ei‡d †Z‡ji cvÎ †i‡L ch©‡e¶‡Yi †QvÆ cix¶vwU Ki‡Zb bv, Gi cwie‡Z©  GB wel‡q Avwi‡¯ÍvZj †_‡K DׄwZi †LuvR Ki‡Zb|

hy× †kl nIqvi GMv‡iv gvm c‡i GgbwK me‡P‡q †Muvov Îrw¯‹cš’x‡`i wbKU ¯úó nq †h ¯Ívwjbcš’x ‡iwRg  hy‡× wU‡K †M‡Q| wKš‘ ZviciI Zuviv `„pfv‡e cÖPvi K‡i †h ‡iwRg LyeB boe‡o Ae¯’vq Av‡Q| GBfv‡e GwcÖj 1946G PZz_© AvšÍRv©wZK †NvlYv K‡i †h:

†Kvb iKg AwZićbi fxwZ QvovB GKRb ej‡Z cv‡i †h †µgwjb †`‡k-we‡`‡k GiKg AwaKZi msKURbK Ae¯’vi m¤§yLxb Avi KL‡bv nqwb hv AvR‡K n‡q‡Q|¹⁷ 

GB †Rviv‡jv `vexi mg_©‡b wb‡gœv³ K_vbK (anecdote) D‡jøL Kiv hvq:

. . . Kvwjwbb GKwU Rbmfvq e³…Zv KiwQ‡jb hv‡Z GKwU NUbv msNwUZ nq| GKRb bvix D‡V `uvwo‡q `vex Ki‡jb †h †Kb wZwb Ggb PKP‡K cvwjk Kiv eyU c‡i‡Qb, hLb RbMY‡K Lvwj cv‡q ev evK‡ji RyZv cwiavb K‡i nvU‡Z nq| GwU ev¯ÍweKB `ytmvnwmK! GwU AvgjvZ‡š¿i my‡hvM-myweav¸‡jvi weiæ‡× RbM‡Yi gv‡S M‡o DVv N„Yvi gvÎv wb‡`©k K‡i|¹⁸

hv‡nvK, hy‡×vËi ivwkqvi `y`©kvMÖ¯’ Ae¯’vi eY©bv ‡_‡K A‡bK `~‡i GwU, †hgbwU Avwg PZz_© AvšÍR©vwZ‡Ki †bZ…¯’vbxq m`m¨ Avi‡b÷ †g‡Ûj‡K e‡jwQjvg, hLb Avwg Zuvi mv‡_ c¨vwi‡m †m‡Þ¤^i 1946G †`Lv K‡iwQjvg, GB KvwnbxwU Zvi A‡bK eQi c~‡e© cÖKvwkZ n‡qwQj| ev¯ÍweKB, GwU †h NUbvwUi kiY †bq †mwU N‡UwQj wmwK kZvãxi AwaKZi c~‡e©!

ZviciI GwcÖj 1946G PZz_© AvšÍR©vwZ‡Ki m‡¤§jb `vex Ae¨vnZ iv‡L †h:

‡h ¶gZvwU c~‡e© KLbI AwR©Z nqwb Zvi Avwef©v‡ei †cQ‡b, GB ev¯ÍeZvwU Ir †c‡Z Av‡Q †h BDGmGmAvi I ‡mvwf‡qZ AvgjvZš¿ Zv‡`i Aw¯Í‡Z¡i µvwšÍ ch©v‡q cÖ‡ek K‡i‡Q|¹⁹

¯Ívwjwbq cZb m¤ú‡K© Îrw¯‹i Abygvb wQj ivwkqvi †kªYx Pwi‡Îi Ici Zuvi we‡køl‡Yi Acwinvi‡hvM¨ cwiYwZ| hw` AbygvbwU fyj nq, ZLb Zuvi †gŠwjK we‡kølY cÖv‡qvRwbKfv‡e cÖ‡kœi m¤§yLxb nq| hw` GgbwU nq Z‡e ¯Ívwjbcš’x AvgjvZ‡š¿i GKwU bZzb e¨vL¨v Acwinvh©| GB KvRwU Kivi wbKUeZ©x nIqvi GKwU c_ wQj GwU wRÁvmv Kiv †h ¯Ívwjb KZ©„K Rq K‡i †bqv c~e© BD‡ivcxq †`k¸‡jvi †kªYx PwiÎ Kx wQj, †h †`k¸‡jv kxNÖB ¯^qs ivwkqvi cÖvq h_v_© †iwcøKv wn‡m‡e cybg©‡WjvwqZ nq|

PZz_© AvšÍR©vwZK m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c Îrw¯‹i `„wófw½ MÖnY K‡i †h ivwkqv wQj GKwU kªwgK †kªYxi ivóª,ÔweK…Z kªwgK †kªYxi ivóªÕ, kvmK AvgjvZš¿ KZ©„K weK…Z kªwgK †kªYxi ivóª| ZviciI hw` †cvj¨vÛ, †P‡Kv‡¯øvfvwKqv, nv‡½wi BZ¨vw`i cÖK…wZ ivwkqvi gZB nq, ZLb Kx GUvB cÖZxqgvb nq bv †h ¯Ívwjb c~e© BD‡iv‡c wecøe msNwUZ K‡i‡Qb| Zvn‡j wZwb cÖwZwecøexi Zzjbvq eis wecøexB bb wK? wKš‘ Zv nIqvi bq| cÖ_‡g PZz_© AvšÍR©vwZ‡Ki †bZ…e„›` Am½wZ wbimb K‡ib LyeB mv`vgvUvfv‡e: Zv‡`i g‡a¨ mv`„k¨ m‡Ë¡I c~e© eø‡Ki †`k¸‡jv ZLb ch©šÍ cyuwRev`x, Ab¨w`‡K ivwkqv GKwU kªwgK †kªYxi ivóª|

†m‡Þ¤^i 1946G †g‡Ûj wee„Z K‡ib †h hy‡Mv¯øvwfqvmn ÔmKj RbMYZvwš¿K iv󪸇jvÕ cyuwRev`x †`k| ¯Ívwjbcš’xMY c~e© BD‡iv‡c wecøe msNwUZ K‡ibwb, eis cÖwZ-wecøe msNwUZ K‡iwQ‡jb|  hy‡Mv¯øvwfqv I Avj‡ewbqv m¤ú‡K© wZwb Kx wj‡LwQ‡jb ‡KejgvÎ Zv DׄZ Kiv hvK: GB `ywU †`‡k †mvwf‡qZ AvgjvZ‡š¿i †Kvb jvMvZvi cÖwZwecøex Kg©KvÛ cwiPvj‡bi `iKvi wQj bv; ¯’vbxq ¯Ívwjbcš’xMYB Zv wb‡R‡`i `vwq‡Z¡ wb‡q wb‡qwQj|Õ DfqB †`‡k ¯Ívwjbcš’xMY ÔGKwU bZzb ey‡Rv©qv ivóªhš¿ ¯’vcb K‡iwQjÕ|²⁰

Av‡iv `yeQi PZz_© AvšÍRv©wZK c~e© BD‡ivc m¤ú‡K© GKB jvBb eRvq iv‡L| GwcÖj 1948G AbywôZ PZz_© AvšÍRv©wZ‡Ki wØZxq wek¦ Ks‡MÖ‡m ÔRbMYZvwš¿K ivóªmg~nÕ (hy‡Mv¯øvwfqv mn) Gi †kªYx PwiÎ m¤úwK©Z cÖ¯Ív‡e ejv nq †h ÔGB †`k¸‡jv g~jMZfv‡e Zv‡`i cyuwRev`x MVb eRvq †i‡L‡Q . . .| GBfv‡e ey‡Rv©qv Kvh©vejx I MVb eRvq †i‡L, GB ÒevdviÓ †`k¸‡jvi ivóªmg~n GKB mg‡q ‡evbvcvU©cš’vi me‡P‡q Pig iƒ‡ci cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i|Õ GwU Abye„wË K‡i, Ò†evbvcvU©cš’vi Pig aibmg~nÓ Ges Òcywjwk GKbvqKZš¿Ó BZ¨vw`mn ÒRbMYZvwš¿K ivóªmg~nÓ nj cyuwRZvwš¿K ‡`k| myZivs, †KejgvÎ ÒRbM‡Yi wecøex Kg©KvÛÓGi gva¨‡g cuywRZ‡š¿i aŸsm m¤úbœ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i, wKš‘ ZLb ch©šÍ ‡mwU cÖK…Z ev¯ÍeZv wQj bv, KviY wecøe `vex K‡i AvgjvZvwš¿K ivóªh‡š¿i Zxeª aŸsm|Õ GBfv‡e Avcwb GB Ae¯’vmg~‡ni †KvbwUB i¶v Ki‡Z cvi‡Zb bv, eis Avcbv‡`i ch©‡e¶Y Ki‡Z n‡Zv ÔK‡VviZg wecøex civRqev`Õ|²¹

`yB gvm c‡i hLb wU‡Uv ¯Ívwj‡bi m‡½ m¤úK©‡”Q` K‡ib, ZLb PZz_© AvšÍR©vwZK wWMevRx †`q: cywjwk †evbvcvwU©q GKbvqKZ‡š¿i Aax‡b hy‡Mv¯øvwfqv Avi cyuwRev`x †`k bq, eis GKwU cÖK…Z kªwgK †kªYxi ivóª| 1948Gi 1jv RyjvB‡Z PZz_© AvšÍRv©wZ‡Ki AvšÍR©vwZK †m‡µUvwi‡qU Ôhy‡Mv¯øvwfqvi KwgDwb÷ cvwU©i cÖwZ †Lvjv wPwVÕ Bmy¨ K‡i: Ôhw` Avcwb †KejgvÎ mgvRZvwš¿K wecø‡ei c‡_ g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i KvR K‡ib, Z‡e Avcwb Avcbvi nv‡Z GKwU ¶gZvkvjx kw³‡K ai‡Z cv‡ibÕ, Ges Dcmsnv‡i †j‡L, ÔGKwU wecøex IqvK©vm© cvwU© KZ…©K ‡µgwjb ‡gwk‡bi weiæ‡× weRq`„ß cÖwZ‡iv‡ai cÖwZkÖæwZ . . . . hy‡Mv¯øvwfqvi mgvRZvwš¿K wecøe `xN©Rxwe †nvKÕ|²² cÖ_g Ae¯’v‡ZB GwU wQj GKwU AMfxi we‡kølY Ges GwU 1948G hy‡Mv¯øvwfqvi KwgDwb÷ cvwU©i cÂg Ks‡MÖ‡m wU‡Uvi `‡¤¢vw³‡K D‡c¶v K‡i hv‡Z wZwb e‡jb †h wZwb Ges Zuvi eÜzMY Rv‡bb wKfv‡e ÔÎrw¯‹cš’x-d¨vwmev`xÕч`i wccjm †Kv‡U©i mvg‡b nvwRi K‡i †gvKv‡ejv Kiv hvq Ges m‡ev©”P kvw¯Í cÖ`vb Kiv hvq|  1948Gi 4 RyjvB‡Z eyiev  ‡j‡L:

KwZcq Îrw¯‹cš’x Zv‡`i mwZ¨Kvi cwiPqwU Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb nvbv`vi‡`i `vjvj I G‡R›U wn‡m‡e| Zviv j¾v¯‹ifv‡e wccjm †Kv‡U©i mvg‡b cwiYwZi m¤§yLxb nb|²³

           ‡mvRvmywR GB ai‡bi wWMevRx (flip-flops) w`‡q PZz_© AvšÍR©vwZ‡Ki mvaviY m¤úv`K gvB‡Kj cve‡jv bZzb jvBb MÖnY K‡ib, Ges ZvnÕj, ivwkqvi cÖvP¨ eøK nj kªwgK †kªYxi iv‡óªi Pig iƒc| wZwb 1949G weK…Z kªwgK †kªYxi ivóªmg~‡ni kZvãxi aviYvi cÖeZ©b K‡ib|²⁴ GwcÖj 1945G cve‡jv †j‡Lb, ÔmvgªvR¨ev`x ûgwK I wek¦wecø‡ei g‡a¨ AvUKv c‡o †mvwf‡qZ AvgjvZš¿ wek¦wecø‡ei c‡¶ Ae¯’vb †bqÕ|<sup>25</sup> AwaKš‘ †mvwf‡qZ AvgjvZš¿ ‡iwR‡gi weAvgjvZš¿vqb Ges ÔmvgwMÖK I cÖK…Z D`vixKiY KiwQ‡jb Ges Ae¨vnZfv‡e Zv Rvwi †i‡LwQ‡jbÕ|²⁶ cve‡jv ¯Ívwjbev‡`i AvZ¥mg_©bKvix‡Z cwiYZ nb| hw` weK…Z kªwgK †kªYxi ivóªmg~‡ni kZvãx Rvwi _v‡K, Z‡e Îrw¯‹ev` A_ev kªwgK †kªYxi wecø‡ei Kx f~wgKv †mLv‡b _v‡K? ¯Ívwjbev`‡K cÖMwZkxj e‡j nvwRi Kiv n‡j Îrw¯‹ev` AcÖvmw½K n‡q c‡o|

wewfbœ †`k‡K kªwgK †kªYxi ivóª wn‡m‡e e¨vcwURvBk‡b cve‡jv †_‡KI AwaKZi GwM‡q hvb Rywjqvb ‡cvmv`vm| wZwb Av‡R©w›Uwbq Îrw¯‹cš’x  Ges PZz_© AvšÍRv©wZ‡Ki GKwU jvB‡bi †bZv| c~e© BD‡ivcxq †`kmg~n, wKDev, Pxb, DËi wf‡qZbvg Ges ewntg‡½vwjqv QvovI †cvmv`vm Avwe®‹vi K‡ib †h Ab¨vb¨ †`kmg~‡ni GKwU mvgwMÖK msL¨vI kªwgK‡kªYxi ivóª| ‡cvmv`vm †NvlYv K‡ib:

. . . Avwd«Kv [I] Gwkqvi GKmvwi †`k ‡hgb, wmwiqv, wgki, BivK, gvwj, wMwb, K‡½v, eªvRvwfj BZ¨vw`i kªwgK †kªYxi ivóª wn‡m‡e weeZ©b Aewk¨ Nwbôfv‡e AbymiY Ki‡Z n‡e AvšÍRv©wZK‡K, hv‡Z KLb Zviv kªwgK †kªYxi iv‡óª iƒcvšÍwiZ nq Zv wbY©q Kiv hvq|²⁷

            A‡hŠw³Kfv‡e †cvmv`vm wek¦ cvigvYweK hy‡×i w`‡K Drmvnf‡i cÖZx¶v K‡ib| wZwb †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb‡K Avnevb Rvbvb cvigvYweKfv‡e hy³ivóª‡K ‡gvKv‡ejvi Rb¨| 1962†Z GKwU ÔAmvaviY m‡¤§jbÕ G Zuvi PZz_© AvšÍR©vwZK †NvlYv K‡i:

. . . . cvigvYweK hy× Aek¨v¤¢vex| GwU m¤¢eZ gvbeRvwZi A‡a©K‡K aŸsm Ki‡e; GwU wecyj gvbweK m¤ú` aŸsm Ki‡Z hv‡”Q| GwU LyeB m¤¢e| cvigvYweK hy× `ywbqv‡Z GKwU mwZ¨Kvi †`vh‡Li D¯‹vwb w`‡Z hv‡”Q| wKš‘ mvg¨ev`‡K euvavMÖ¯’ Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv| Drcbœ e¯‘MZ `ªe¨vw`i Rb¨ bq, eis gvbe mË¡vi mÁvi Kvi‡Y, mvg¨ev` GKwU AwR©Z cÖ‡qvRb| gvbeRvwZ mvg¨ev`x ai‡Y cÖwZwµqv †`Lvq Ges KvR K‡i, GLb †hgb KvR Ki‡Q, †Kv‡bv cvigvYweK †evgvi mva¨ †bB gvbe mÁv hv AR©b K‡i‡Q Ges hv wk‡L‡Q, Zv †_‡K Zv‡K wcQ‡b †div‡bvi . . . . |

BwZnvm Gi Zxeª, AwbqwgZ (spasmodic) ai‡b †`Lv‡”Q †h cyuwRev‡`i Rb¨  LyeB Aí mgq we`¨gvb| LyeB Aí mgq| Avgiv m¤ú~Y© m‡PZb I wbwðZfv‡e ej‡Z cvwi †h hw` kªwgK †kªYxi ivóªmg~n Jcwb‡ewkK wecøemg~n‡K mnvqZvKi‡Y Zv‡`i HwZnvwmK `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i, Zvn‡j cyuwRev‡`i Avqy `k eQiI †bB| GwU GKwU mvnmx †NvlYv, wKš‘ GwU m¤ú~Y© †hŠw³K| cyuwRev‡`i `k eQi Avqy †bB| hw` kªwgK †kªYxi ivóªmg~n Zv‡`i mKj kw³ w`‡q Jcwb‡ewkK wecøe‡K mg_©©b ‡`q, ZLb cyuwRev‡`i Avqy cuvP eQiI _vK‡e bv, Ges cvigvYweK hy× LyeB msw¶ß mgq we`¨gvb _vK‡e|²⁸

            A‡a©K gvbeRvwZ wbwðý n‡e! wKš‘ Zv ‡Kv‡bv e¨vcvi bq| mvg¨ev‡`i weRq wbwðZ!

Avgiv Avgv‡`i wb‡R‡`i Ggb GKUv ch©v‡qi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z KiwQ hv‡Z cvigvYweK hy‡×i c~‡e© Avgiv ¶gZvi Rb¨ msMÖvg Ki‡ev, cvigvYweK hy‡×i mg‡q Avgiv ¶gZvi Rb¨ msMÖvg Ki‡ev Ges Avgiv ¶gZvq _vK‡ev, Ges cvigvYweK hy‡×i wVK ciciB Avgiv ¶gZvq _vK‡ev| cvigvYweK hy‡×i †Kv‡bv ïiæ †bB, †kl Av‡Q, KviY cvigvYweK hy× GKB m‡½ mviv `ywbqv‡Z wecøe; †PBb wewµqv wn‡m‡e bq, hyMcr| hyMcrZvi A_© GKB w`b Ges GKB N›Uv bq| gnvb HwZnvwmK NUbvejx N›Uv A_ev w`b w`‡q cwigvc Kiv DwPZ bq, eis hyM w`‡q cwigvc Kiv DwPZ . . .| kªwgK †kªYx ‡KejgvÎ GKvKx wb‡R‡`i e¨e¯’vcbv eRvq ivL‡e, Zvr¶wYKfv‡e Gi msnwZ I †K›`ªxKiY A‡š^lY Ki‡e . . .

            aŸsmhÁ ïiæi c‡i, mKj †`‡k RbMY †R‡M DV‡Z ïiæ Ki‡e Ñ LyeB msw¶ß mg‡q, K‡qK N›Uvq| wb‡R‡K ¸nvq bv XywK‡q Ges GwU hv cv‡i Zvi meB aŸsm Kivi †Póv Kiv e¨wZZ, cyuwRev` wb‡R‡K cvigvYweK hy‡× i¶v Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv|  wecixZµ‡g, RbMY †R‡M DV‡Z hv‡”Q, †R‡M DV‡Z n‡e, KviY kÎæ‡K civwRZKiY n‡jv GKgvÎ †eu‡P _vKvi Dcvq . . .| cyuwRZ‡š¿i hš¿ cywjk, †mbvevwnbx cÖwZ‡iv‡a m¶g n‡e bv . . .| Zvr¶wYKfv‡e kªwgK †kªYxi ¶gZv‡K msMwVZ Kivi `iKvi n‡e . . . |²⁹

            GB hyw³ Abymv‡i, hw` GKwU nvB‡Wªv‡Rb †evgv jÛ‡b c‡o, Z‡e fq I A¶gZvq wenŸj kªwgK †kªYxi Aewkóvsk ¶gZv `Lj Ki‡e! GBfv‡e gvK©mev` g~jm~Î †_‡K Zvwe‡R cwiYZ nq! kªwgK‡`i cvigvYweK aŸs‡mi d‡j kªwgK‡`i ivóª hv‡Z kªwgK‡`i ¶gZv †bB, evK ¯^vaxbZv †bB, †mwU kªwgK‡`i wecø‡e iƒcvšÍwiZ nq! Kx Av`wk©K AebwZ| Ewbk kZ‡K BD‡Uvcxq mgvRZš¿‡K ‰eÁvwbK mgvRZš¿ A_v©r gvK©mev` AwZµg K‡iwQj| wKš‘ GLb gvK©mev` cÖwZ¯’vwcZ n‡”Q ÔA‡jŠwKKÕ mgvRZš¿ w`‡q!

            ‡g‡Ûj, cve‡jv I †cvmv`vm GKB myw¯’Z †Muvovgxc~Y© Îrw¯‹ev` ‡_‡K G‡mwQ‡jb| GwU Îrw¯‹i evYxmg~‡n AUj †_‡K ‡m¸‡jvi w¯úwiU‡K wemR©b w`‡qwQj|

            wek¦ cuywRev‡`i cwiYwZ msµvšÍ wØZxq fwel¨ØvYxi Kx n‡qwQj? cyuwRev‡`i BwZnv‡m me‡P‡q `xN© Dbœqbkxj †ZRxfv‡ei m¤§yLxb n‡q, 1946Gi GwcÖ‡j PZz_© AvšÍRv©wZ‡Ki m‡¤§jb †NvlYv K‡i †h:

. . . .GUv fvevi †Kv‡bv KviY †bB †h cyuwRZvwš¿K myw¯’wZKiY I Dbœq‡Yi GKUv bqv hy‡Mi Avgiv m¤§yLxb nw”Q . . .|  hy× cyuwRZvwš¿K A_©bxwZi wemsMVbvqb (disorganisation)Gi cÖ‡Kvc evwo‡q Zz‡j‡Q, GwU mvgvwRK I AvšÍR©vwZK m¤úK©ejx‡Z GKwU A‡c¶vK…Z myw¯’Z mvg¨ve¯’vi †kl m¤¢vebvmg~n‡K aŸsm K‡i‡Q|³⁰

            AwaKš‘:

hy× cyuwRZvwš¿K †`k¸‡jvi A_©‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Ûi cybiæ¾xeb‡K ye©j K‡i †`q, Ges we‡kl K‡i gnv‡`kxq BD‡ivcxq †`k¸‡jv ˆewkó¨vwqZ n‡e GKwU we‡kl axi MwZgvÎv w`‡q hv Zv‡`i A_©bxwZ‡K g›`v I cwi¶‡qi mxgvšÍ ch©v‡q ivL‡e|³¹

            GUv ¯^xKvi Kiv nq †h ÔAv‡gwiKvi A_©bxwZ GKwU Av‡cw¶K †ZRxfv‡ei AwfÁZvi m¤§yLxb n‡e kxNÖB . . . Õ wKš‘ GB †ZRxfve ¶Y¯’vqx n‡e: ÔgvwK©b hy³ivóª Zvici GKwU  bqv A_©‰bwZK msK‡Ui w`‡K avweZ n‡e, wek¦ A_©bxwZ‡Z Av‡iv aŸsmvZ¥K cÖwZwµqvmn GwU 1929-33Gi msKU †_‡KI AwaKZi MfxivwfgyLx I e¨vcK n‡e |Õ weªwUk cyuwRZ‡š¿i m¤¢vebv¸‡jv wQj ÔMfxi A_©‰bwZK Amyweavmg~n (difficulties), cÖej Av‡jvob, Ges AvswkK I mvaviY msKUmg~‡ni GKwU `xN© ch©vqÕ| `ywbqv Ry‡o kªwgK †kªYxi Ae¯’v Kx n‡Z cv‡i? Ôhy‡×i c~‡e© †h Ae¯’vmg~n we`¨gvb wQj Zvi †_‡KI AwaKZi Lvivc Rxebhvc‡bi gv‡bi Aax‡b cÖ‡jZvwi‡qZ kªg w`‡Z _vK‡eÕ|³²

             GB Ae¯’vmg~‡ni †cÖ¶vc‡U GKwU D`xqgvb wecøex Zi‡½i †XD Awbevh©| Gi KviY:

. . . cÖ‡jZvwi‡q‡Zi cÖwZ‡iva Ges Zv‡`i RxebhvÎvi Ae¯’vi DbœwZi `vexi Kvi‡Y, †h DbœwZ cyuwRev‡`i DÌv‡bi m¤¢vebvi m‡½ Am½wZc~Y©|

            BD‡iv‡c hy× hw` Avgv‡`i cÖZ¨vwkZ wecøex D”Qv‡mi my‡hvM I †gRvR ˆZix bv K‡i, ZviciI GUv A¯^xKvi Kiv hvq bv †h GwU wek¦gvÎvq cyuwRZvwš¿K mvg¨ve¯’vi aŸsmmvab K‡i GKwU `xN©¯’vqx wecø‡ei `v‡iv˜NvUb Ki‡e . . .|³³

            wek¦ cuywRev‡`i g›`v Ges MY‡eKviZ¡ GKwU mvwe©K wecøex cwiw¯’wZi m„wó Ki‡Z cvi‡e:

AZx‡Zi Rvbv †h †Kv‡bv msKU Qvwc‡q Avgiv GLb wek¦e¨vcx msK‡Ui m¤§yLxb| wek¦e¨vcx wecøex D”Qvm weKwkZ n‡”Q `ywbqvi wewfbœ As‡k Amg †gRv‡R, wKš‘ Aweivgfv‡e GK †K›`ª †_‡K Ab¨ †K‡›`ª wecixZgyLx cÖfv‡e AbyykxjbK…Z n‡”Q, Ges GBfv‡e GKwU `xN©‡gqv`x wecøex †cÖ¶vcU wbY©xZ n‡”Q|³⁴

   

            1946G PZz_© AvšÍR©vwZK fwel¨ØvYx K‡i †h cÖ_g wek¦hy× cieZ©x mg‡qi †P‡qI wecøex Zi½ AwaKZi we¯Í…Z Ges D”PZi n‡e:

cÖ_g wek¦hy‡×i cieZ©x‡Z wecøex msMÖv‡gi MÖvd cÖ_g †_‡KB ˆewkó¨vwqZ nq GKwU msw¶ß I Z¡wiZ DÌvb w`‡q, GwU 1919 Gi emšÍ bvMv` Gi m‡e©v”P P~ovq Av‡ivnY K‡i, Zvici Zx¶è I avivevwnK Aebg‡bi m¤§yLxb nq Ges GB AebwZ‡Z †Q` N‡U 1923 G GKwU bZzb I LyeB msw¶ß DÌvb w`‡q|

            GB mg‡q wecøex msMÖv‡gi MÖvd ïiæ nq GKwU axi I wØavwš^Z DÌvb w`‡q, hv gv‡S gv‡S evavMÖ¯’ nq A‡bK¸‡jv †`vjvqgvb ev AvswkK cðvrMwZ w`‡q, wKš‘ Gi mvaviY cÖeYZv wQj DaŸ©g~Lx| GB NUbvi ¸iæZ¡ Awbevh© (obvious)| hLb cÖ_g wek¦hy‡×vËi Av‡›`vjb cÖv_wgK civRqmg~n, we‡kl K‡i Rvg©vbxi civRq w`‡q fvivµvšÍ, ZLb Ab¨w`‡K eZ©gvb Av‡›`vjb GB NUbv w`‡q ¶wZMÖ¯’ nq †h †Kvb mg‡qB cÖ‡jZvwi‡Zi c~Y© kw³ msMÖv‡g wb‡qvwRZ nqwb| myZivs civRq¸‡jv mvgwqK Ges ˆewk‡ó¨i w`K †_‡K Av‡cw¶K| G¸‡jv NUbvejxi DËiKvjxb weKvkvejx‡K ch©y`¯Í K‡i bv|  GB civRq¸‡jv‡K cÖkwgZ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i msMÖv‡gi c_‡K AwaKZi AMÖmi ch©v‡q DbœxZ K‡i|³⁵

            GKgvÎ wfbœ cÖwZKí wQj GB †h, hw` wecøex Zi½ cÖ‡jZvwi‡q‡Zi weR‡qi w`‡K avweZ bv nq, Z‡e Lye ¯^í mg‡q bqv d¨vwmev`x ‡iwRgmg~n w`‡q ey‡R©vqv MYZš¿ cÖwZ¯’vwcZ n‡e:

Gi wb‡Ri wbeZ©bg~jK hš¿ AR©b Ges Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯’vejx w`‡q Gi e¨e¯’vi Aw¯ÍZ¡ ûgwKMÖ¯’ nIqvi gyûZ© †_‡K, e„nr ey‡R©vqv †kªYx cÖ‡jZvwi‡qZ RbM‡Yi cÖ‡Z¨KwU wµqvi Reve †`‡e be¨-d¨vwmev`x Ô†bZv‡`iÕ Av‡iv †ekx K‡i Avw_©K mnvqZv (contribution) w`‡q| GLv‡b Zv‡`i GKgvÎ Amyweav n‡e ‡Kv‡bv GKwU evQvB‡qi| hw` Avgiv g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i wewfbœ BD‡ivcxq †`kmg~‡ni ivR‰bwZK Ae¯’v Aa¨qb Kwi, B‡Zvg‡a¨ Avgiv †`wL ivR‰bwZK `„k¨c‡U, †KejgvÎ GKwU bq, eis GKvwaK PwiÎ, hviv AvMvgxw`‡bi m¤¢ve¨ Doriots, Mussolinis I Degrelles n‡e| GB A‡_© d¨vwmev`x wec` mgMÖ gnv‡`k Ry‡oB we`¨gvb|³⁶

            1947G †g‡Ûj GKwU wbeÜ †j‡Lb hv‡Z wZwb wb‡gœv³ Dcmsnvi Uv‡bb:

. . . . .cyuwRev`x Ae¶‡qi Aax‡b Drcv`b P‡µi wb‡gœv³ ‰ewkó¨vejx †`Lv hvq:

(K) msKU¸‡jv AwaKZi `xN©¯’vqx I AwaKZi fqven nq, Ges DÌvb I DbœwZi Kv‡ji †_‡K AwaKZi `xN©¯’vqx g›`v enb K‡i| Av‡ivnx (ascending) cyuwRev` `„k¨gvb nq GKwU `xN© DbœwZ w`‡q, GwU evavMÖ¯’ nq msK‡Ui msw¶ß weiwZ w`‡q| Ae¶qx (decadent) cyuwRev` `„k¨gvb nq GKwU  `xN©¯’vqx msKU wn‡m‡e, †hwU evavcªvß nq cybiæfy¨`qmg~n w`‡q, †h¸‡jv Av‡iv A¯’vqx I msw¶ß|

(L) wek¦evRv‡ii f~gq m¤úªmviY †_‡g †M‡Q| ˆewk¦K ch©v‡q Avi †Kvb †ZRxfve †bB| wek¦evRv‡ii fv½b (splitting up) A_ev †KejgvÎ GKwU cÖwZ‡hvMxi fqven aŸsmvqb, wKQz cyuwRev`x †`‡ki AbyKyj †ZRxfv‡ei weKv‡ki my‡hvM K‡i †`q|

(M) RvZxq ch©v‡q Drcvw`Kv kw³mg~‡ni me©vZ¥K weKvk Avi †bB| GgbwK ÔDbœwZÕGi mg‡qI wKQz kvLvi weKvk N‡U Ab¨vb¨ kvLvi wewbg‡q| cÖvhyw³K AMÖMwZ Avi †bB A_ev Drcv`‡b Zv LyeB msw¶ßfv‡e AšÍf©y³ nq|

(N) GKwU cybiæfy¨`q †_‡K Av‡iKwU‡Z wkíkªwgK‡`i Rxebgv‡bi Avi †Kvb mvwe©K DbœwZ †bB| GwU ¯^fveZB msKU I cybiæfy¨`q  g‡a¨Kvi Av‡cw¶K ÔDbœwZÕ A_ev Ô cybiæfy¨`qÕGi mg‡q †eKvi ev K…wlRxwe‡`i wkíkªwg‡K iƒcvšÍi‡Yi mgq Zv‡`i Ae¯’v‡bi Av‡cw¶K DbœwZ‡K ev` †`q bv|³⁷

Kx KvíwbK RMr!

           g¨v‡Ûj, cve‡jv, †cvmv`vm I PZz_© AvšÍR©vwZ‡Ki Dc‡ii wee„wZ AvR‡K †h †KD cvV Ki‡j Aewk¨ AvNvZ cv‡eb †h †hŠw³K gvbe mË¡v GB ai‡Yi åvwšÍmg~n aviY Ki‡Z cv‡i| Zvi gZb Ggb AÜ Avi †bB †h †`L‡Z cvq bv| Îrw¯‹cš’x Av‡›`vj‡bi †bZ…¯’vbxq m`m¨eM© ev¯ÍeZvi ch©‡e¶Y cwinvi Ki‡Z cÖPÛ †Póv K‡iwQ‡jb| AZxZ NUbvejxi cÖwZ `„wócvZ Ki‡j GKRb Avðh© bv n‡q cvi‡eb bv| †bZ…¯’vbxq Îrw¯‹cš’x‡`i ev¯‹eZvi gy‡LvgyLx nIqvi cÖZ¨vL¨vb‡K eyS‡Z n‡j GKRb‡K Aewk¨ eyS‡Z n‡e †h GB ev¯ÍeZv Zv‡`i wK cwigvY †e`bv †`q, †h ev¯ÍeZvwU Zv‡`i wekvj Avkv‡K weaŸ¯’ K‡iwQj| †lvok I mß`k kZ‡Ki Lªxw÷q  †diKvmg~‡ni (sects) gZb Îrw¯‹cš’x Av‡›`vjb KvR K‡iwQj, hviv ga¨hy‡Mi cyivZb aviYvmg~‡n AvU‡K wQj, hLb H `yw&bqvUv †f‡½ cowQj Ges bqv cyuwRev`x `ywbqv ZLb cÖwZwôZ nw”Qj| Zv‡`i WvwKbx‡`i AwMœ`»KiY wQj GKwU A‡hŠw³K KvR, wKš‘ GwU‡K e¨vL¨v Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i  †hŠw³Kfv‡e|

      hv‡nvK, g¨v‡Ûj, cve‡jv I ‡cvmv`vm‡`i †cQ‡bi AwfcÖvqmg~n Dcjwä Ki‡j GKRb ey‡S †h ‡m¸‡jvi bvh¨Zv cÖwZcv`b Kiv hvq bv| gvK©mev`x‡`i Rb¨ cqjv wbqg nj, hw` Avcwb ev¯ÍeZv cwieZ©b Ki‡Z Pvb, Avcbv‡K Aewk¨ GUv‡K eyS‡Z n‡e| †h ev¯ÍeZvq  kªwgK †kªYx  wb‡R‡`i †`L‡Z cvq, †mB ev¯ÍeZv‡K eyS‡Z bv cvivi Awbevh© cwiYwZ wQj Îrw¯‹cš’x Av‡›`vj‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡i wek„•Ljv, PovB-DrivB, fv½b |  Zviv ‡h gvbwP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ GKwU MwZc_ cÖYqb Ki‡Z †Póv K‡iwQ‡jb, ‡mwU wQj nZvkve¨ÄKfv‡e †m‡K‡j| GBfv‡e wek¦ Îrw¯‹ev` KvbvMwj‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡iwQj| Av‡›`vj‡bi mvaviY msKU gvbeZvi †cÖ¶vc‡Ui i¨vwWK¨vj cybg~©j¨vq‡bi `vex Rvbvq|

Îrw¯‹i mvwn‡Z¨i Av¶wiK AbymiY †_‡K wePy¨wZ Ges Îrw¯‹ev‡`i mvie¯‘i msi¶Y

International Scialist Tendency ïiæ Kiv ¯^í msL¨K Kg‡iW gvK©mev` w`‡q ev¯ÍeZvi cÖwZ¯’vc‡b cÖ¯‘Z wQ‡jb bv, eis Ab¨w`‡K GB ev¯ÍeZvi Dci cÖfyZ¡Ki‡Y mnvqZvi GKwU nvwZqvi wn‡m‡e Zviv gvK©mev`‡K e¨env‡ii B”Qv K‡iwQ‡jb| 1946-48 Gi eQi¸‡jv‡Z Avgv‡`i LyeB KwVb cÖkœvejxi m‡½ msMÖvg Ki‡Z nw”Qj| Avgv‡`i‡K ¯úóvqb Ki‡Z nw”Qj †h Avgiv GKwU HwZn¨‡K envj ivLwQ, Avi Zv n‡jv Avgiv gvK©m, †jwbb I Îrw¯‹i Abymvix| wKš‘ Avgv‡`i‡K GKwU bqv Ae¯’vi m¤§yLxb n‡Z n‡qwQj| GwU GKB m‡½ wQj avievwnKZv I bqv m~Pbv DfqB| †eŠw×K `„pZvi (intellectual toughness) A_© gZvÜev`xZv bq| cwieZ©bkxj ev¯ÍeZvi AvZ¥xKiY A_© A¯úóZv bq| †Muvov Îrw¯‹ev‡`i cÖwZ Avgv‡`i mgv‡jvPbv‡K eyS‡Z n‡e aªæc`x gvK©mev‡` cÖZ¨veZ©b wn‡m‡e|

            cieZ©x welq¸‡jvi Av‡jvPbv Bmy¨¸‡jvi w`‡K cðvr-`„wói (hindsight) Ici wfwË K‡i G‡Mv‡e bv| cðvr-`„wó memgq c~Y©v½| wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i wVK c‡ii NUbvejxi cÖwZwµqv wn‡m‡e Kxfv‡e wZbwU Z‡Ë¡i DÌvb N‡U‡Q †mfv‡eB Avgv‡`i †`L‡Z n‡e| GB ZË¡ wZbwU nj: ivóªxq cyuwRev‡`i ZË¡, ¯’vqx A¯¿ A_©bxwZi ZË¡ Ges we‡ÿwcZ ¯’vqx wecø‡ei (deflected permanent revolution) ZË¡| ivwkqv I c~e© BD‡ivc, AMÖmi cyuwRev`x †`kmg~n I Z…Zxq wek¦ hv‡Z mviv `ywbqvB AšÍf~©³, GB GjvKv¸‡jv‡Z GB welq¸‡jv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv n‡e|

GLv‡b cÖ‡Z¨KwU  cÖkœ Avjv`v Avjv`v we‡ewPZ n‡e| †KejgvÎ Zvic‡iB Zv‡`i ga¨Kvi  AvšÍtm¤úK© Luy‡R cvIqv m¤¢e n‡e Ges GBfv‡e weKv‡ki mvgwMÖK c¨vUvb© e¨vL¨vKiY m¤¢e n‡e| †KejgvÎ ce©‡Zi P~ovq `uvwo‡q Ges bx‡P Ae‡jvKb K‡i GKRb †`L‡Z cvq Kxfv‡e wewfbœ c_¸‡jv mgwe›`y AwfgyLx nq|

      

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 m

bœ †`k‡K kªwgK †kªYxi ivóª

 Kiv n‡j Îrw¯‹ev` AcÖvmw½K n‡q c‡o|  †mLv‡b _v‡K?wQ‡jb Ge                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    

Aa¨vq `yB

ivóªxq cyuwRev`

‡Kb ¯Ívwjbcš’x ‡iwRg wU‡KwQj? c~e© BD‡iv‡ci ÒRbMYZvwš¿K iv󪸇jvÓGi cÖK…wZB ev †Kgb wQj? ¯Ívwjbcš’x ‡iwR‡gi cÖwZôv Gi cÖK…wZ m¤ú‡K© Kx †`Lvq? GB cÖkœvejxi DËi AbymÜv‡bi cÖ‡Póv †_‡KB ivóªxq cyuwRev‡`i Z‡Ë¡i weKvk N‡U| GB DËimg~n ¯Ívwjbev`x ivwkqv‡K ivóªxq cyuwRev`x †`k wn‡m‡e msÁvwqZ K‡i|

eZ©gvb †jLK KZ…©K cÖ_g †h `wj‡j ivwkqv‡K cyuwRev`x ivóª wn‡m‡e msÁvwqZ Kiv nq †mwU wQj 142 c„ôvi `xN© Wycwj‡KUK…Z `wjj| GwU 1948 m‡b †jLv n‡qwQj Ges Gi wk‡ivbvg wQj Ô¯Ívwjbcš’x ivwkqvi †kªYx PwiÎÕ| hv‡nvK, GB Z‡Ë¡i DrcwË eyS‡Z n‡j ÔRbMYZvwš¿K ivóªmg~n‡KÕ we‡ePbv KivUv `iKvix, wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i c‡i iæk †mbvevwnbx GB †`kmg~‡n Qwo‡q c‡owQj| ‡b‡cvwjqvb e‡jwQ‡jb,’Une armee dehors c’est le’tat qui voyage’  (Ôwe‡`‡ki gvwU‡Z †mbvevwnbx _vKvi A_© ivóªwU mPjÕ), Ges GB cÖev` mgvbfv‡e †cvj¨vÛ I nv‡½ixi gZ †`k¸‡jvi †¶‡ÎI cÖ‡hvR¨| KviY GB †`k¸‡jvi miKvimg~n iæk iv‡óªi m¤cÖmviY Qvov Avi wKQzB wQj bv| myZivs GB iv󪸇jvi Aa¨qb ÔgvZ…ivóªÕGi ‡iwRg m¤ú‡K© AšÍ`„©wó cÖ`vb K‡i|

hw`I ÔRbMYZvwš¿K ivóªmg~nÕGi wcÖR‡gi gva¨‡g GKRb ¯úófv‡e ¯Ívwjbcš’x ivwkqvi Mob (shape) †`L‡Z cvq| wKš‘ †KejgvÎ Ô¯Ívwjbcš’x ivwkqvi †kªYx PwiÎÕ †jLvi c‡iB hyw³wU ZË¡vwqZ n‡qwQj| 1950G ÔRbMYZvwš¿K ivóªmg~‡ni †kªYx PwiÎÕ cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ nq| GwUi cÖviw¤¢K welq wQj †h  hw` c~e© BD‡ivcxq ivóªmg~n mwZ¨Kv‡ii kªwgK †kªYxi ivóª n‡Zv, Z‡e †mLv‡b GKwU mvgvwRK wecø­e msNwUZ n‡Z n‡Zv| wecixZµ‡g, hw` †Kvb mvgvwRK wecøe bv n‡q _v‡K Z‡e c~e© BD‡ivcxq ivóªmg~‡ni Pwi‡Îi c~Yg©~j¨vqb Ki‡Z n‡e|

gvK©m I †jwb‡bi ivóªZË¡‡K wN‡i Av‡jvPbv msNwUZ nw”Qj| gvK©m cÖvqB ej‡Zb †h Gi A_©‰bwZK †kªô‡Z¡i Rb¨ kªwgK †kªYxi ivR‰bwZK †kªôZ¡ GKwU c~e© kZ©| kªwgK †kªYx Drcv`b mvwa‡Îi †hŠ_fv‡e gvwjK n‡Z cv‡i bv, hw` bv †h ivóª Drcv`b mvwa‡Îi gvwjK Ges wbqš¿K, †mB ivóª Zuv‡`i bv _v‡K; Ab¨K_vq, cÖ‡jZvwi‡q‡Zi ivR‰bwZK ¶gZv hw` bv _v‡K|

GB †cÖ¶vc‡U cÖ‡jZvwi‡qZ †gŠwjKfv‡e  ey‡Rv©qv †kªYx †_‡K c„_K| †k‡lv³ †kªYxi m¤ú‡`i Dci mivmwi gvwjKvbv eRvq _v‡K; Kv‡RB miKv‡ii iƒc hvB †nvK bv, hZ¶Y ey‡Rv©qv †kªYx‡K DrLvZ Kiv bv nq, GwU ZZ¶Y ch©šÍ kvmK †kªYx wn‡m‡e wbwðý nq bv| GKRb cyuwRcwZ Zuvi m¤úwËi AwaKvix n‡Z cv‡i mvgšÍ ivRZ‡š¿, ey‡R©vqv cÖRvZ‡š¿, d¨vwmev`x ‰¯^iZ‡š¿, mvgwiK kvm‡bi Aax‡b, i‡ew¯ú‡qi, wnUjvi, PvwP©j A_ev A¨vUwj Gi Aax‡b| Gi wecix‡Z kªwgK †kªYx‡K Drcv`b mvwaÎ †_‡K c„_K K‡i †djv nq Ges GB mZ¨wUB Zuv‡`i‡K gRywi-`v‡m cwiYZ K‡i| hw` Ggb GKUv cwiw¯’wZi D™¢e nq †hLv‡b ivóª Drcv`b mvwa‡Îi gvwjK, wKš‘ GwU m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c kªwgK †kªYx †_‡K wew”Qbœ, Z‡e Zuviv kvmK †kªYx n‡Z cv‡ib bv|³⁸

gnvb gvK©mev`x wPšÍvbvqK‡`i K‡qKwU DׄwZ GB welq¸‡jv Zz‡j a‡i| KwgDwb÷ Bk‡Znvi †NvlYv K‡i:

. . .kªwgK †kªYxi wecø­‡e cÖ_g avc nj cÖ‡jZvwi‡qZ‡K kvmK †kªYxi ch©v‡q DbœxZKiY, MYZ‡š¿i msMÖv‡g †RZv|

ey‡R©vqv‡`i nvZ †_‡K µ‡g µ‡g mg¯Í cyuwR †K‡o †bqvi Rb¨, iv‡óªi nv‡Z Drcv`‡bi mg¯Í mvwaÎ †K›`ªxf~ZKi‡Yi Rb¨, Ges Drcvw`Kv kw³i mgwóUv‡K h_vm¤¢e `ªæZ evwo‡q  †Zvjvi Rb¨ cÖ‡jZvwi‡qZ Zvi ivR‰bwZK AvwacZ¨ e¨envi Ki‡e, A_©vr cÖ‡jZvwi‡qZ kvmK †kªYx wn‡m‡e msMwVZ n‡e . . . |³⁹

cÖ‡jZvwiq wecøe nj ÔMYZ‡š¿i Rb¨ msMÖvgÕGi weRq| kªwgK †kªYxi ivóª nj ÔkvmK wn‡m‡e msMwVZÕ cÖ‡jZvwi‡qZ| jvjevwnbxi U¨vsK w`‡q evB‡i †_‡K Av‡ivcK…Z ¯Ívwjbcš’x ÔmvgvwRK wecøeÕ Kxfv‡e wecø­‡e cÖ‡jZvwiq †kªYx †PZbvi f~wgKvi gvK©mev`x aviYvi m‡½ Lvc †L‡Z cvi‡Zv?

gvK©m evi evi e‡jb †h cÖ‡jZvwiq wecøe n‡jv ¯^qs kªwgK †kªYxi m‡PZb Kg©KvÛ| myZivs, hw` Avgiv ÔRbMYZvwš¿K ivóªmg~nÕ Ñ‡K kªwgK †kªYxi ivóª wn‡m‡e †g‡b †bB, ZvÕn‡j gvK©m I G‡½jm mgvRZvwš¿K wecøe‡K †h ÔBwZnvm ¯^qs m‡PZbÕ (history conscious of itself) e‡jwQ‡jb Zv cÖZ¨vL¨vZ nq| G‡½j‡mi wee„wZ m¤ú‡K© GKB K_v mZ¨:

‡KejgvÎ GB welq [mgvRZvwš¿K wecøe] †_‡KB gvbyl m¤ú~Y© m‡PZbfv‡e wb‡R‡`i BwZnvm‡K M‡o †Zv‡j; †KejgvÎ GB welq †_‡KB gvbyl KZ…©K MwZcÖvß mvgvwRK KviYmg~n, cÖavYZ I AweiZfv‡e ewa©Z c`‡¶‡c djvdjmg~nI gvby‡li B”QvÑkw³ cÖ‡qv‡M wbqwš¿Z nq, GwU gvbeRvwZi cÖ‡qvR‡bi RMr †_‡K gyw³i RM‡Z Dj­çb|⁴⁰

GKwU wecø‡e cÖ‡jZvwiq m‡PZbvi Ae¯’vb m¤ú‡K© gvK©mev`x wk¶Ke„‡›`i †jLv‡jwL¸‡jvi mvi-ms‡¶cKi‡Y †ivRv jy‡·gevM©I åvwšÍ‡Z wbcwZZ nb:

AZx‡Zi mKj †kªYx msMÖvg msL¨vjNyi ¯^v‡_© cwiPvwjZ nq, Ges hv‡Z gvK©‡mi K_vbymv‡i ÔmKj weKvk msNwUZ nq Rbmvavi‡Yi msL¨v-Mwi‡ôi wecix‡Z|Õ K‡g©i (action) `iKvix kZ©mg~‡ni GKwU wQj msMÖv‡gi cÖK…Z j¶¨vejx, Gi e¯‘MZ Av‡aq (content) Ges Gi mxgve×Zvmg~n m¤ú‡K© GB RbM‡Yi AÁZv| cÖK…Zc‡¶ GB NvUwZ wQj ÔAv‡jvwKZÕ ey‡R©vqv †kªYxi Ô‡bZ„Z¡Kvix f~wgKvÕ Gi mywbw`©ó HwZnvwmK wfwË, hv eva¨ Abymvix (docile followers) wn‡m‡e RbM‡Yi f~wgKvi m‡½ m¤úK©hy³| wKš‘ 1845 m‡b gvK©m wj‡LwQ‡jb †h HwZnvwmK Kg© MfxiZv †c‡j, Gi m‡½ RwoZ RbM‡Yi msL¨v e„w× cvq| Avgv‡`i mgq ch©šÍ mKj HwZnvwmK K‡g©i g‡a¨ cÖ‡jZvwi‡q‡Zi †kªYx msMªvgB me‡_‡K Mfxi| GwU RbM‡Yi wbgœZi ¯Íimg~‡ni mKj‡K AšÍf©y³ K‡i, Ges mgvR wewfbœ †kªYx‡Z wef³ nIqvi gyûZ© †_‡K GwU cÖ_g Av‡›`vjb †hwU RbM‡Yi cÖK…Z ¯^v_©vbymv‡i PvwjZ| GB Kvi‡Y Zuv‡`i Kg© I c×wZ (tasks and methods) mv‡c‡¶ mgvRZvwš¿K K‡g©i Rb¨ RbM‡Yi Av‡jvKvqb nj GKwU Awbevh© HwZnvwmK kZ© (conditions), †hgb c~e©eZ©x Kvj¸‡jv‡Z AwacwZ †kªYxmg~‡ni K‡g©i Rb¨ RbM‡Yi AÁZv wQj GKwU kZ©|⁴¹

KvBRv‡ii P¨v‡Âj‡ii ivR‰bwZK kvmb Ges cyivZb f~¯^vgx †Mvôx RvsKvi‡`i Aax‡b †hfv‡e Rvg©vb cyuwRev` †e‡o D‡V Zvi m‡½ Zzjbv K‡i cÖ‡jZvwiq wecø­‡ei ÔweKv‡ki wemgvwK©q cš’vÕ m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv K‡i cve‡jv I g¨v‡Ûj GB mgm¨vi Pvicv‡k c_ A‡š^lY K‡ib| GB Îrw¯‹cš’xMY cÖgvY Ki‡Z Avkv K‡ib ‡h ¯^qs cÖ‡jZvwi‡qZ KZ©„K wecøex Kg© QvovB cÖ‡jZvwiq mvgvwRK wecø­e‡K ivóªxq AvgjvZš¿ GwM‡q wb‡q †h‡Z cv‡i ÔÔGi wbR¯^ fi‡e‡MÓ| hw` wPšÍv Kiv hvq Zvn‡j GB aviYv me †_‡K `ytLRbK Dcmsnv‡ii w`‡K avweZ K‡i| GwU mZ¨ †h ey‡R©vqv †kªYx A‡bK I bvbvc‡_ ¶gZv `Lj K‡i| d‡j †KejgvÎ GKwU LuvwU `„óvšÍ (case) †`Lv hvq hv‡Z Zviv mvgšÍZ‡š¿i wec‡¶ †kl ch©šÍ wecøex msMÖvg Pvjbv K‡ib Ñ GwU wQj d«v‡Ý 1789Gi c‡i | Bsj¨v‡Ûi †¶‡Î Zviv mvgZvwš¿K f~-¯^vgx‡`i mv‡_ Av‡cvl K‡ib| Rvg©vbx, BZvwj, †cvj¨vÛ, ivwkqv, Pxb I `w¶Y Av‡gwiKv‡Z Zviv ¶gZvq Av‡m wecøex msMªvg QvovB| Av‡gwiKv‡Z mvgšÍ Ae‡k‡li cÖvq m¤ú~Y© Abycw¯’wZ ey‡R©vqv †kªYx‡K mvg_© †RvMvq mvgšÍ-we‡ivax wecøex msMÖvg cwinvi Ki‡Z|

ÔwemgvwK©qÕ c×wZ ey‡R©vqv †kªYxi Rb¨ †Kvb e¨wZµg e¨vcvi bq, cÖvq †¶‡Î GwU GKwU wbqg| d«vÝ e¨wZµg wQj| hw` ¯^qs kªwgK †kªYxi Kvh©µ‡gi gva¨‡g cÖ‡jZvwiq wecø­e cÖ‡qvRbMZfv‡e AwR©Z bv n‡q ivóªxq AvgjvZš¿ KZ©„K AwR©Z nq, ZLb iæk wecø­e Awbevh©fv‡eB e¨wZµg, wemgvwK©q c_B wbqg| Dcmsnvi GB n‡Zv †h (Îrw¯‹cš’x KZ©„K) †Kvb ¯^vaxb †bZ…‡Z¡i cÖ‡qvRb †bB|

sanse-culattes Gi †¶‡ÎB †nvK Avi wemgv‡K©i ˆmb¨`j w`‡qB †nvK, hw` GKwU cª‡jZvwiq wecøe GBfv‡e m¤úbœ Kiv hvq, Zvn‡j ¶z`ªZi cÖwZ‡iv‡ai wbq‡gi A_© `uvovq GB †h e„nËi msL¨vMwiô‡K cÖZvwiZ K‡i ¶y`ª msL¨vjwNô KZ©„K wecøe msNU‡bi c_‡K BwZnvm KZ…©K †e‡Q †bqv|⁴²

ÔRbMYZvwš¿K iv󪸇jvi ‡kªYx PwiÎÕ`wjjwU †kl nq GwU †`wL‡q †h hw`I PZz_© AvšÍR©vwZ‡Ki m`m¨e„›` †gŠj gvK©mev`x aviYvejx evisevi D‡jøL K‡ib Ñ kªwgK †kªYxi gyw³ AR©‡bi KvR †KejgvÎ ¯^qs kªwgK †kªYx KZ©„K m¤úbœ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i, ey‡R©vqv †kªYxi ivóª hš¿ `Lj K‡iB †KejgvÎ kªwgK †kªYx w¯’i _vK‡Z cv‡i bv, Zv‡K GwU Aewk¨ aŸsm Ki‡Z n‡e Ges cÖ‡jZvwiq MYZš¿ †hgb †mvwf‡qZ BZ¨vw`‡K wfwË K‡i GKwU bqv ivóª cÖwZôv Ki‡Z n‡e| Zvic‡iI Zuviv ÔRbMYZvwš¿K ivóªmg~nÕ‡K kªwgK †kªYxi ivóª wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZKiY Ae¨vnZ iv‡Lb|   

Gi Rb¨ KviY n‡jv ivwkqv‡K weK…Z (degenerate) kªwgK †kªYxi ivóª wn‡m‡e AwaMg¨KiY| hw`I kªwgK †kªYx Drcv`b mvwaÎ †_‡K wew”Qbœ, A_©bxwZ I ivóª cwiPvjbvq Zv‡`i f~wgKv †bB, Ges me‡_‡K fqven AvgjvZvwš¿K Ges mgiZvwš¿K ivóªh‡š¿i Aaxb, GB Ae¯’v‡ZI hw` ivwkqv kªwgK †kªYxi ivóª nq, kªwgK †kªYxi ¯^vaxb, †kªYx m‡PZb Kg©KvÛ Qvov, Aw¯ÍZ¡gvb AvgjvZvwš¿K I mgiZvwš¿K ivóªhš¿ aŸsmKiY Qvov, bqv kªwgK †kªYxi ivóª cÖwZôvq‡b †Kb kªwgK †kªYxi wecøe cwiPvjbv Kiv DwPZ bqÑ Zvi †Kvb KviY †bB| cyuwRZš¿ †_‡K kªwgK †kªYxi iv‡óª iƒcvšÍi (transition) m¤úbœ Ki‡Z AvgjvZ‡š¿i GUvB h‡_ó n‡Zv kªwgK †kªYx‡K ÔZv‡`i Ae¯’v‡b †i‡LÕ ey‡R©vqv †kªYxi D‡”Q`KiY|

hw` RbMYZvvwš¿K ivóªmg~n‡K †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bv ai‡Yi kªwgK †kªªYxi ivóª e‡j MY¨ K‡i wecø‡ei gvK©mev`x-‡jwbbev`x ZË¡‡K D‡ë †`qv nq, Zvn‡j ¯^qs kªwgK †kªªYxi iv‡óª cÖK…wZB ev †Kgb n‡e?⁴³

GB Bmy¨wUI we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ cÖvi¤¢ we›`y nj ivwkqv‡K weK…Z kªwgK †kªYxi ivóª wn‡m‡e Îrw¯‹ msÁvi mgv‡jvPbvg~jK cix¶v, kªwgK †kªYxi wbqš¿‡Yi evB‡i GKwU ivóª Kx kªwgK †kªYxi ivóª n‡Z cv‡i?

Îrw¯‹i †jLv‡jwL‡Z Avgiv kªwgK †kªYxi iv‡óªi `ywU m¤ú~Y© mvsNwl©K msÁv ‡`wL| GKwU msÁvbymv‡i, GKwU kªwgK †kªYxi iv‡óªi gvb`Û n‡jv GB †h cÖ‡jZvwi‡q‡Zi ivóª ¶gZvi Ici mivmwi ev c‡iv¶ wbqš¿Y Rvwi Av‡Q wKbv, GUv †Kvb e¨vcvi bq †h GwU KZUzKy mxwgZ cwim‡i we`¨gvb Av‡Q| Gi A_© nj †Kv‡bv wecøe QvovB cÖ‡jZvwi‡qZ AvgjvZ‡š¿i ‡Rvqvj †_‡K gyw³ †c‡Z cv‡i wKbv, †KejgvÎ ms¯‹v‡ii gva¨‡g| 1931G Îrw¯‹ †j‡Lb:

eZ©gvb †mvwf‡qZ ivóª‡K kªwgK †kªYxi ivóª wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ †KejgvÎ GB AwfcÖvq e¨³ K‡i †h ey‡R©vqv †kªYxB †KejgvÎ mk¯¿ Afy¨Ìvb Qvov Ab¨ †Kvb c×wZ‡Z ¶gZv `Lj Ki‡Z cv‡i Zv bq, BDGmGmAvi-Gi cÖ‡jZvwi‡qZI GKwU bqv wecøe QvovB ms¯‹v‡ii c×wZ‡Z I c‡_ AvgjvZš¿‡K Gi  wbKU mgc©‡Y, A_ev cybivq cvwU©‡K cybiæ¾xweZKi‡Y Ges GKbvqKZvwš¿K ‡iwR‡gi ms‡kva‡bi m¤¢vebv‡K ev` w`‡Z cv‡i bv|⁴⁴

m¤¢eZ 1928Gi †k‡li w`‡K wjwLZ GKwU wPwV‡Z Îrw¯‹ GB aviYv‡K AwaKZi ¯úófv‡e e¨³ K‡ib| Ô†mvwf‡qZ ivóªhš¿ I ¶gZvi weK…wZ GKwU mZ¨ NUbv Kx?Õ Ñ GB cÖ‡kœi Rev‡e H wPwV‡Z wZwb †j‡Lb:

G‡Z †Kv‡bv m‡›`n †bB †h †mvwf‡qZ ivóªh‡š¿i weK…wZ cvwU© hš¿ A‡c¶v
AwaKZi AMÖMvgx| ZeyI cvwU©B wm×všÍ`vZv| eZ©gv‡b Gi A_© n‡jv cvwU© hš¿| GBfv‡e cÖkœwU GKB wel‡q †b‡g Av‡m: ivóªh‡š¿i m‡½ MvUQov euvav cvwU© h‡š¿i ‰¯^iZ‡š¿i Ici kªwgK †kªYxi mn‡hvMxZvq cvwU©i cÖ‡jZvwiq kuvm Rqx n‡Z cv‡i wKbv? ‡KBev AvMvg DËi w`‡Z cv‡i †h GwU GBfv‡e bZzb wfwˇZ bZzb cvwU©i cÖ‡qvRbxqZvi K_v ej‡ZB †Kej Amg_© bq, m‡½ m‡½ GKwU wØZxq I bqv cÖ‡jZvwiq wecø‡ei cÖ‡qvRbxqZvi K_v ej‡ZI Amg_©|⁴⁵

Îrw¯‹ GKB wPwV‡Z c‡ii w`‡K e‡jb †h:

hw` cvwU© g„Z nq, Z‡e GKwU bZzb Ae¯’v‡b GKwU bZzb cvwU© Aewk¨ Mo‡Z n‡e, Ges kªwgK †kªYx‡K GwU m¤ú‡K© †LvjvLywj Aewk¨ ej‡Z n‡e| hw` _viwgWi [gnvb divwm wecø‡ei mgqKvi GKwU cÖwZwµqvkxj Av‡›`vjb †hwU wecø‡ei cÖwµqv‡K _vwg‡q †`q Ges wecixZ w`‡K Pvjbv K‡i] m¤ú~Y© nq, Ges hw` kªwgK †kªYxi GKbvqKZ¡ wbwð‎ý nq, Z‡e wØZxq cÖ‡jZvwiq wecø‡ei e¨vbvi Aewk¨ D‡¤§vwPZ Ki‡Z n‡e| Z‡e Avgv‡`i †mBfv‡e KvR Ki‡Z n‡e, hw` ms¯‹v‡ii c_, hvi c‡¶ Avgiv `uvovB †mwU hw` wbivk e‡j cÖgvwYZ nq, |⁴⁶

Îrw¯‹i wØZxq msÁv‡Z g~jMZfv‡e c„_K ˆewkó¨ we`¨gvb wQj| GUv †Kvb welq bq †h ivóªhš¿ MYgvbyl †_‡K KZUzKz ¯^vaxb, Ges Ggb wK hw` AvgjvZš¿ †_‡K gy³ n‡Z GKgvÎ c_ nq wecøe Øviv, Zvic‡iI hZ¶Y Drcv`b mvwa‡Îi gvwjKvbv iv‡óªi nv‡Z _v‡K, ZZ¶Y ivóªwU kªwgK †kªYxi ivóªB _v‡K, hv‡Z cÖ‡jZvwi‡qZ n‡jv kvmK †kªYx|

GwU †_‡K wZbwU Dcmsnvi Uvbv  hvq:

(K) Îrw¯‹i kªwgK †kªYxi iv‡óªi wØZxq msÁvwU cÖ_gwU‡K evwZj K‡i|

(L) hw` wØZxq msÁvwU mwVK nq, KwgDwb÷ Bk‡Znv‡ii GB K_vwU mwVK bq †h ÔkªwgK †kªYx KZ©„K wecø‡ei cÖ_g avc nj cÖ‡jZvwi‡q‡Zi kvmK †kªYx‡Z DbœZxKiYÕ| AwaKš‘, GB †¶‡Î, c¨vwim KwgDb A_ev ej‡kwfK GKbvqKZ¡ †KvbwUB kªwgK †kªYxi ivóª bq, †h‡nZz cÖ_gwU Av‡`Š Drcv`b mvwa‡Îi ivóªxqKiY K‡iwb, Ges c‡iiwU GwU K‡iwb wKQz mg‡qi Rb¨|

(M) ivóª hw` Drcv`b mvwa‡Îi gvwjK nq Ges kªwgK †kªYxi hw` Gi Ici wbqš¿Y bv _v‡K, Zviv hw` Drcv`b mvwa‡Îi gvwjK bv nq, Z‡e Zvi A_© Zviv kvmK †kªYx bq| cÖ_g msÁvwU GwU ¯^xKvi K‡i, wØZxqwU GwU‡K Gwo‡q P‡j wKš‘ GwU‡K AMÖvn¨ K‡i bv|

kªwgK †kªYxi ivóª wn‡m‡e ivwkqvi msÁv Ges iv‡óªi gvK©mev`x ZË¡

ivwkqv GKwU weK…Z kªwgK †kªYxi ivóª Ñ GB AbygvbwU Awbevh©fv‡e †h Dcmsnvimg~‡n DcbxZ nq, †m¸‡jv iv‡óªi gvK©mev`x Z‡Ë¡i aviYvi ms‡½ mivmwi mvsNwl©K| Îrw¯‹ †hwU‡K ivR‰bwZK wecøe Ges mvgvwRK cÖwZ-wecø‡ei f~wgKv ej‡Zb, †mwUi we‡kølY GwU‡K cÖgvwYZ K‡i|

ey‡R©vqv ivR‰bwZK wecøemg~‡ni Kv‡j †hgb 1830 Ges 1848Gi divwm wecøemg~‡n miKv‡ii cÖK…wZ Kg-‡ekx gvÎvq cwiewZ©Z nq, wKš‘ iv‡óªi cÖK…wZ GKBiKg _v‡K Ñ Zv nÕj Ômk¯¿ e¨w³mg~n I KvivMvimg~‡ni we‡kl ms¯’vÕ, †h¸‡jv RbMY †_‡K ¯^vaxb Ges cyuwRcwZ †kªYx‡K †mev K‡i|

hv‡nvK, Ab¨ †h †Kvb ivóª †_‡K GKwU kªwgK †kªYxi iv‡óª cÖ‡qvRbMZfv‡eB Avavi (content) I iƒc (form)Gi g‡a¨ AwaKZi KvQvKvwQ ms‡hvM (connection) we`¨gvb _v‡K|  myZivs, Ggb Kx Avgiv hw` g‡b Kwi †h GKwU kªwgK †kªYxi iv‡óª ivR‰bwZK wecøemg~n msNwUZ n‡Z cv‡i, ZviciI GKwU welq cwi®‹vi Ñ c~‡e©i gZB cÖ‡jZvwiq ivR‰bwZK wecø‡ei ciI GKB kªwgK †kªYxi ivóªhš¿ Aewk¨ Aw¯ÍZ¡gvb _v‡K| hw` ivwkqv cÖK…ZB GKwU kªwgK †kªYxi ivóª nq, ZLb hw` kªwgK †kªYxi cvwU© ivR‰bwZK wecø‡e eo gvÎvq ïw×KiY Pvjy K‡i, ZLb GwU Aw¯ÍZ¡gvb ivóªhš¿wU e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡i| Ab¨w`‡K, hw` cÖv³b ey‡Rv©qv †kªYx‡K ¶gZvq AwawôZ n‡Z nq, Zviv Pvjy ivóªhš¿‡K e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡i bv, eis GwU‡K Zviv aŸsm Ki‡Z eva¨ nq Ges Gi aŸs‡mi Ici Ab¨ GKwU ivóª MV‡b eva¨ nq|

ivwkqv‡Z GB Ae¯’vmg~n Rvwi Av‡Q Kx? cÖkœwU mwVKfv‡e DÌvwcZ n‡j Gi Dˇii A‡a©K c‡_ AMÖmi nIqv hvq| hw` ey‡R©vqv †kªYx ¶gZvq Av‡m, GwU wbwðZfv‡eB KGB, wbqwgZ †mbvevwnbx BZ¨vw` e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡i| GwU wbwðZfv‡eB cÖZxqgvb †h wecøex cvwU© KGB, ev AvgjvZš¿ ev Dcw¯’Z (standing) †mbvevwnbx e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| wecøex cvwU©‡K we`¨gvb ivóª‡K aŸsm Ki‡Z nq Ges GwU‡K cÖwZ¯’vwcZ Ki‡Z nq †mvwf‡qZ, RbM‡Yi wgwjwkqv BZ¨vw` w`‡q|

Îrw¯‹ iv‡óªi gvK©mev`x Z‡Ë¡i wk¶vi cÖ‡qvM AvswkK cwinvi K‡ib GB e‡j †h wecøex cvwU© hvÎv ïiæ Ki‡e †UªW BDwbqb I †mvwf‡q‡Z MYZš¿ cÖwZwôZ K‡i|⁴⁷ wKš‘ cÖK…Zc‡¶ ivwkqv‡Z †Kvb †UªW BDwbqb ev †mvwf‡qZ wQj bv, hv‡Z MYZš¿ cÖwZôv Kiv †h‡Zv| GKwU kªwgK †kªYxi ivóª‡K cybcÖwZôv Kiv †h‡Zv bv ¯Ívwjwbq ivóªhš¿‡K ms‡kvab K‡i, eis GwU‡K aŸsm K‡i GKwU bqv ivóª Mov †h‡Zv|                                                                                                                                                                       

hw` cÖ‡jZvwi‡qZ‡K ¶gZvq Avm‡Z we`¨gvb ivóªhš¿‡K aŸsm Ki‡Z nq, Ab¨w`‡K ey‡Rv©qv †kªYx‡K GwU e¨envi Ki‡Z nq, Z‡e ejv hvq †h ivwkqv GKwU kªwgK †kªYxi ivóª bq| Ggb wK hw` Avgiv a‡i †bB †h ÔcÖ‡jZvwi‡qZ I ey‡Rv©qv Dfq †kªYxiB ivóªh‡š¿i ïw×Ki‡Yi `iKvi c‡oÕ (cÖ‡qvRwbKfv‡eB G ai‡bi Mfxi cwieZ©b RwoZ, GwU‡K ¸YMZfv‡e iƒcvšÍi‡Yi Rb¨), Zvn‡j Avgv‡`i Aewk¨ Dcmsnvi Uvb‡Z nq †h ivwkqv kªwgK †kªYxi iv&óª bq|

cÖ‡jZvwi‡qZ I ey‡R©vqv †kªYx GKB ivóªhš¿‡K e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡i Zv‡`i †kªôZ¡ cÖ`k©‡bi nvwZqvi wn‡m‡e, GwU wek¦vm Kiv n‡”Q gvK©m, G‡½jm, †jwbb I ¯^qs Îrw¯‹ KZ©„K e¨³ ivóª Z‡Ë¡i wecøex Avavi‡K cÖZ¨vL¨vb Kivi mvwgj|

Drcv`b m¤úK© †_‡K ¯^Zš¿fv‡e m¤úwËi iƒc‡K we‡ePbv GKwU Awawe`¨K weg~Z©vqb

ivwkqvi †h ˆewk‡ó¨i Ici ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡i Îrw¯‹ GwU‡K kªwgK †kªYxi ivóª (hw`I GgbwK weK…Z) e‡jb Zv n‡jv e¨vcK gvÎvq e¨w³MZ m¤úwËi Abycw¯’wZ Ges ivwóªq m¤úwËi cÖvavb¨| hv‡nvK, GwU gvK©mev‡`i ¯^Ztwm× hyw³ †h Drcv`b m¤úK© †_‡K ¯^vaxbfv‡e e¨w³MZ m¤úwˇK we‡ePbvKiY n‡jv GKwU civ-HwZnvwmK weg~Z©vqb (suprahistorical abstraction)|

gvbe BwZnvm AeMZ †h `vm-e¨e¯’v, mvgšÍZš¿, cyuwRZ‡š¿i e¨w³MZ m¤úwËmg~n Ñ G‡`i me¸‡jvB g~jMZfv‡eB G‡K Aci †_‡K c„_K| Drcv`b m¤úK© †_‡K ¯^vaxbfv‡e e¨w³MZ m¤úwËi msÁvq‡bi cÖæ‡auvi cÖ‡Póv‡K gvK©m mgv‡jvPbv K‡ib:

cÖ‡Z¨KwU HwZnvwmK hy‡M, m¤úwËi weKvk N‡U wfbœ Ges m¤ú~Y© c„_K mvgvwRK m¤úK©vejxi GKwU †m‡Ui Aax‡b| GBfv‡e, ey‡R©vqv m¤úwËi msÁvqb ey‡R©vqv Drcv`b m¤ú‡K©i mKj mvgvwRK m¤úK©vejxi D‡¤§vP‡bi Kg wKQz bq| ¯^vaxb m¤úK© wn‡m‡e m¤úwËi msÁv †`qvi  †Póv †hb- GKwU `~ieZ©x ¯^qsm¤ú~Y©  cÖKiY (category) ixwZ Ñ GKwU weg~Z© wPišÍb aviYv Ñ GwU Awawe`¨v ev AvBbweÁv‡bi GKwU åvwšÍ Qvov Avi wKQzB n‡Z cv‡i bv|⁴⁸

            e¨e¯’v wn‡m‡e cyuwRev` nÕj Drcv`b m¤úK©mg~‡ni mgwó| Drcv`‡bi cyuwRZvwš¿K cÖwµqv‡Z RbM‡Yi g‡a¨Kvi m¤úK©mg~n cÖKvk K‡i Ggb me cÖKiY †hgb g~j¨, `vg, gRywi BZ¨vw` GwUi Acwinvh© Ask MVb K‡i| GwU wQj cyuwRZvwš¿K e¨e¯’vi MwZi m~Îvejx hv cyuwRZvwš¿K e¨w³MZ m¤úwËi ˆewkó¨‡K Gi HwZnvwmK †cÖ¶vc‡U msÁvwqZ K‡i Ges e¨w³MZ m¤úwËi Ab¨vb¨ iƒc‡f` GwU‡K cv_©K¨vwqZ K‡i| cÖæ‡auv, Drcv`‡bi m¤úK©vejx †_‡K m¤úwËi iƒc‡K weg~Z©vqb K‡i ÔGB mg¯Í A_©‰bwZK m¤úK©vejx‡K [Drcv`‡bi cyuwRZvwš¿K m¤úK©vejx] Òm¤úwËÓi mvaviY wePvwiK aviYv‡Z ¸wj‡q †d‡jb|Õ myZivs, ÔBrissot 1789 Gi c~‡e©B wj‡LwQ‡jb †h Òm¤úwË PzwiK…Z n‡q †M‡QÓ (property is theft) Ñ Gi evB‡i cÖæ‡auv †h‡Z cv‡ibwb|Õ⁴⁹

e¨w³MZ m¤úwËi GKwU iƒ‡ci c„_K HwZnvwmK ‰ewkó¨ _vK‡Z cv‡i Ab¨wU †_‡K, GwU Ab¨wU †_‡K GKwU c„_K †kªYxi `yM© n‡Z cv‡i, GB welqwU gvK©m m¤ú~Y© ¯úó K‡i w`‡q‡Qb| wKš‘ GKB welq ivóªvwqZ m¤úwˇZ cÖ‡qvM Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i Ñ GwU ¯úó cÖZxqgvb bq| Gi KviY BwZnvm cÖavYZ †kªYx msMÖvg cÖZ¨¶ K‡i e¨w³MZ m¤úwËi wfwˇZ| e¨w³MZ m¤úwËi wfwËi evB‡i ‡kªYxi c„_Kvqb (differentiation)Gi `„óvšÍ Lye GKUv †ekx bq, Ges mvgwMÖKfv‡e Lye fvjfv‡e RvbvI hvq wb| Zv m‡Ë¡I, Zv‡`i Aw¯ÍZ¡ wQj|

D`vniY wn‡m‡e, BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm †_‡K GKwU Aa¨vq †bqv hvK, †hgb ga¨ hy‡Mi K¨v_wjK wMR©v| wMR©vi wQj wekvj f~-m¤úwË hv‡Z nvRvi nvRvi K…lK kªg w`‡Zv| wMR©v I K…lK‡`i g‡a¨Kvi m¤úK©vejx wQj mvgšÍ f~¯^vgx I K…lK‡`i g‡a¨ †h mvgšÍ m¤úK©vejxi Aw¯ÍZ¡ wQj Zvi Abyiƒc| mwZ¨Kvi A‡_© wMR©v wQj mvgšÍxq| GKB mg‡q wekc, KvwW©bvj BZ¨w` Kv‡ivB mvgšÍ m¤úwˇZ ¯^vZwš¿K AwaKvi wQj bv| GwU wQj Drcv`b m¤úK© hv wMR©vi m¤úwËi mvgšÍ †kªYx Pwi·K mywbw`©óvwqZ K‡iwQj, hw`I GwU e¨w³MZ wQj bv|

ivwkqvi AvgjvZš¿ Ñ GKwU gendarme †hwUi weZiY cÖwµqv‡Z D™¢e N‡UwQj?

ivwkqv‡K GKwU weK…Z kªwgK †kªYxi ivóª wn‡m‡e MY¨Ki‡Yi Îrw¯‹i Z‡Ë¡i Avi GKwU ˆewkó¨ wQj GB †h ¯Ívwjbcš’x ‡iwRg GKwU bqv kvmK †kªYx MVb K‡iwb| cwie‡Z© eis †UªW BDwbqb †bZv‡`i gZb GwU AvgjvZ‡š¿i f~wgKv cvjb K‡iwQj| wZwb wek¦vm Ki‡Zb †h GwU N‡UwQj KviY ivwkqv‡K †fvM¨`ªe¨vw`i Afve †µZv‡`i eva¨ K‡iwQj mvwie×fv‡e `uvov‡Z Ges AvgjvZ‡š¿i KvR wQj GKwU gendarme Gi gZb hviv mvwi¸‡jv‡K wbqš¿Y Ki‡Zv|

GwUB Kx e¨vcvi wQj? AvgjvZ‡š¿i Kg©KvÛ Kx weZiY cÖwµqv‡ZB mxgve× wQj, A_ev mvgwMÖKfv‡e Drcv`b cÖwµqv‡Z GwU Kx `„k¨gvb n‡qwQj, hv‡Z cÖ_gwU Aaxb¯’ Ask e¨wZZ Avi wKQzB wQj bv? GB Bmy¨wUi e¨vcK ZvwË¡K ¸iæZ¡ we`¨gvb|

GB cÖkœwUi DËi †`evi cÖ‡Póvi c~‡e© Avgiv eis we‡kølY K‡i †`L‡ev Drcv`b I e›U‡bi m¤úK©vejx m¤c‡K© gvK©m Kx †f‡ewQ‡jb| gvK©m wj‡LwQ‡jb:

¯^vZwš¿K e¨w³i wbKU e›Ub ¯^fveZB `„k¨gvb nq GKwU wbqg wn‡m‡e hv mgvR KZ©„K cÖwZwôZ, GwU Drcv`‡bi †¶‡Î Zvi Ae¯’vb‡K wbw`©óvwqZ K‡i, hvi †fZi wZwb Drcv`b K‡ib Ges GBfv‡e GwU Drcv`‡bi c~e©Mvgx nq| cÖvi‡¤¢ e¨w³i †Kvb cyuwR _v‡K bv, †Kvb f~m¤úwË _v‡K bv| Zvi Rb¥ †_‡K e›U‡bi mvgvwRK kw³mg~n KZ©„K Zv‡K eivÏ †`qv nq gRywi kªg| wKš‘ gRywi kªg eivÏK…Z nIqvi GB Ae¯’vwU n‡jv Drcv`‡bi ¯^vaxb G‡R›U wn‡m‡e cyuwR I f~m¤úwËi Aw¯Í‡Z¡i djvdj|

mvgwMÖKfv‡e mgv‡Ri `„wó‡KvY †_‡K, GKwU cÖvMÑA_©‰bwZK NUbv wn‡m‡e e›Ub‡K Drcv`‡bi c~e©eZx© g‡b nq ej‡Z †M‡j Drcv`b‡K wbw`©óvwqZ Ki‡Z| weRqx RbMY weRqx‡`i g‡a¨ Rwg fvM K‡i †`q, GBfv‡e f~m¤úwËi GKwU wbw`©ó wefvM I iƒc (division and form) cÖwZwôZ K‡i Ges Drcv`‡bi ‰ewkó¨‡K wbY©q K‡i| A_ev, GwU wewRZ RbMY‡K `v‡m cwiYZ K‡i Ges GBfv‡e `vm kªg‡K Drcv`‡bi wfwˇZ cwiYZ K‡i| A_ev, GKwU RvwZ wecøe Øviv e„nr f~m¤úwˇK †f‡½ †QvU †QvU As‡k wef³ K‡i Ges GB bZzb e›Ub w`‡q Drcv`‡b GKwU bZzb ‰ewkó¨ Av‡ivc K‡i| A_ev, cÖYxZ AvBb eo cwiev‡i Rwgi gvwjKvbv ¯’vqx K‡i A_ev kªg e›Ub K‡i GKwU eskvbyµwgK myweav wn‡m‡e Ges GBfv‡e GwU‡K eY©mg~‡n (castes) wbw`©ó K‡i| GB mKj †¶‡Î, Ges Zviv mK‡j HwZnvwmK, GwU e›Ub bq †hwU Drcv`b Øviv msMwVZ I wbw`©óvwqZ nq, eis wecixZµ‡g e›Ub Øviv Drcv`b|

e›U‡bi me‡_‡K AMfxi aviYv‡Z e›Ub `„k¨gvb nq Drcbœ `ªe¨vw`i e›Ub wn‡m‡e Ges †mB ch©vq ch©šÍ Drcv`b †_‡K AwaKZi `~‡i Ges `„k¨Z ¯^vaxbfv‡e| wKš‘ e›U‡bi A_© Drcbœ `ªe¨vw`i e›Ub, GB aviYvi c~‡e© GwU cÖ_gZ Drcv`b mvwa‡Îi e›Ub, Ges wØZxqZ GwU GKB NUbvi ev¯ÍeZ Avi GKwU A_© nj GB †h Drcv`‡bi wewfbœ ai‡bi g‡a¨ mgv‡Ri m`m¨‡`i e›Ub (Drcv`‡bi KwZcq Ae¯’vejx‡Z e¨w³i Aaxb¯’vqb)| Drcbœ `ªe¨mg~‡ni e›Ub ¯úófv‡e GB e›U‡bi dmj, †hwU Drcv`b cÖwµqvi m‡½ m¤ú„³ Ges c‡iiwU †Lv` msMVbwU‡KB wbY©q K‡i †`q|⁵⁰

GwU gvK©m †_‡K DׄwZ, GwUi mvie¯‘ Zuvi iPbvejx‡Z evi evi cybive„Ë nq, GwU A_©bxwZ‡Z ¯Ívwjbcš’x AvgjvZ‡š¿i Ae¯’vb we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ cÖvi¤¢ we›`y wn‡m‡e h‡_ó|

AvgjvZš¿ RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ †KejgvÎ †fv‡Mi Dcvq¸‡jvi e›Ub cwiPvjbv K‡iwQj Kx, A_ev Drcv`b cÖwµqv‡Z RbM‡Yi e›UbI cwiPvjbv K‡iwQj Kx? AvgjvZš¿ †KejgvÎ e›U‡bi wbqš¿‡Yi Ici GK‡PwUqv Abykxjb K‡iwQj Kx, A_ev Drcv`b mvwa‡Îi IciI m‡½ m‡½? GwU Kx †KejgvÎ †fv‡Mi Dcv‡qi Dci eivÏ (ration) w`Z, A_ev mgv‡Ri mgMÖ kªgmgqI Kx GwU e›Ub K‡i w`Z mÂqb I †fv‡Mi g‡a¨, Drcv`b mvwaÎ I †fv‡Mi Dcv‡qi Drcv`‡bi g‡a¨? ivwkqv‡Z we`¨gvb Drcv`b m¤úK©vejx e›U‡bi m¤úK©vejx‡K wba©viY K‡i w`Z wKbv, hv‡Z Zv‡`i GKwU Ask AšÍf©y³ wQj? HwZnvwmK Z_¨vw` ch©‡e¶Y K‡i GB cÖkœmg~‡ni Reve †`qv n‡e|

¯Ívwjbcš’x ivwkqv ivóªxq cyuwRev`x nj

gvK©‡mi cuywRev‡`i we‡køl‡Y ‡kvlK ‡kªYx I †kvwlZ †kªYxi ga¨Kvi m¤úK©mg~n Ges †kvvlK †kªYxi wb‡R‡`i ga¨Kvi m¤úK©mg~‡ni ZË¡ RwoZ| Drcv`‡bi cyuwRev`x ai‡bi `yÕwU cÖavb ˆewkó¨ nj: Drcv`b mvwaÎmg~n †_‡K kªwgK †kªYxi c„_KxKiY Ges kªg kw³i c‡Y¨ iƒcvšÍi hv kªwgK †kªYx‡K Aewk¨ weµq Ki‡Z nq †eu‡P-e‡Z© _vK‡Z, Ges DØ„Ë g~‡j¨i cybwe©wb‡qvM Ñ A_©vr cuywRi mÂqb, hv ¯^vZwš¿K cuywRcwZ‡`i Ici eva¨Zvg~jKfv‡e Av‡ivwcZ nq Zv‡`i G‡Ki m‡½ Ac‡ii cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK msMÖvg w`‡q| 1928-32G cÖ_g c evwl©K cwiKíbvi mg‡q GB Dfq ˆewkó¨B ‡mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb‡K PwiÎvwqZ K‡i| GB eQi¸‡jv‡Z K…wl‡Z †hŠ_xKiY wQj Bs‡iR K…lK †kªYxi D‡”Q`vq‡bi m‡½ LyeB Nwbôfv‡e m`„k| gvK©m GB welqwU Zuvi cyuwR MÖ‡š’ we‡kølY K‡ib ÔcyuwRi Avw`g mÂqbÕ Aa¨v‡q| Dfq †¶‡ÎB Drcv`K mivmwi f~wg †_‡K ewÂZ nq Ges  Zv‡`i kªg kw³ weµq Ki‡Z eva¨ nq|

wKš‘ cyuwR mÂq‡b ivwkqvi A_©bxwZ Kx Pv‡c wQj? GB wel‡q Avwg wj‡LwQjvg:

d¨v±wi gvwjK wn‡m‡e ivwkqvi mgv‡Ri mgMÖ kªg mg‡qi mv‡c‡¶ Ges Zvi Kg©Pvix‡`i kª‡gi mv‡c‡¶ ¯Ívwjbcš’x ivóª GKB Ae¯’v‡b we`¨gvb| Ab¨ K_vq, kªg wefvM cwiKwíZ| wKš‘ †mwU Kx hv ivwkqvi mgv‡Ri mgMÖ kªg mg‡qi cÖK…Z wefvM‡K wbav©iY K‡i? hw` ivwkqv‡K Ab¨ †`‡ki m‡½ cÖwZ‡hvwMZv bv Ki‡Z n‡Zv, Z‡e GB wefvM n‡Zv m¤ú~Y© †¯^”QvK„Z (arbitrary)| wKš‘ †h‡nZz, ¯Ívwj‡bi wm×všÍmg~‡ni wfwËi wbqvgKmg~n †hgb wek¦ A_©bxwZ, wek¦ cÖwZ‡hvwMZv BZ¨vw` Zvi wbqš¿‡Yi evB‡ii wQj| GB `„wófw½ †_‡K iæk ivóª GKwU GKK cyuwRZvwš¿K G›UvicÖvB‡Ri gvwjKmg~‡ni gZb GKB Ae¯’v‡b hviv Ab¨vb¨ G›UvicÖvB‡Ri m‡½ cÖwZ‡hvwMZv K‡i|

‡kvl‡Yi nvi, A_©vr, DØ„Ë g~j¨ I gRyixi g‡a¨Kvi AbycvZ (s/v) ¯Ívwjbxq miKv‡ii †¯^”QvPvix B”Qvi Dci wbf©i K‡i bv, eis GwU wb‡`©wkZ nq wek¦ cyuwRev` w`‡q| GKB welq Lv‡U cªhyw³‡Z DrK‡l©i e¨vcv‡i, A_ev, GwU e¨envi Kiv hvq gvK©mev`x cvwifvwlK kãvejx‡Z cÖv‡qvwMKfv‡e mgZzj¨ evMaviv‡Z, w¯’i (constant) cyuwR I Pj (variable) cyuwRi g‡a¨Kvi m¤ú‡K©, A_©vr,  GKw`‡K ‡gwkbvwi I wbg©vY `ªe¨vw` Ges Ab¨w`‡K gRywii g‡a¨Kvi m¤ú‡K© (c/v)|  GKB welq Lv‡U Drcv`b mvwa‡Îi Drcv`b I †fvM¨`ªe¨vw`i Drcv`‡bi g‡a¨ ivwkqvi mgv‡Ri mgMÖ kªg mg‡qi wefv‡Mi †¶‡Î| myZivs, hLb ivwkqv‡K AvšÍR©vwZK A_©bxwZi †fZ‡i ch©‡e¶Y Kiv nq. ZLb cyuwRev‡`i †gŠj ˆewkó¨vejx Dcjwä Kiv hvq: Ôkª‡gi mvgvwRK wefv‡M ‰bivR¨ Ges IqvK©mc¸‡jv‡Z ˆ¯^iZš¿ (despotism) n‡jv GKwUi m‡½ Avi GKwUi cvi¯úwiK Ae¯’vejxÕ|⁵¹

cÖ_g c evwl©K cwiKíbvi mg‡q BDGmGmAvi cyuwRZ‡š¿i w`‡K euvK †bq| GLb, cÖ_g ev‡ii gZ cÖ‡jZvwi‡qZ m„wó‡Z Ges `ªæZ cyuwRi mÂq‡Y AvgjvZš¿ cªqvm †bq| Ab¨ K_vq, GwU hZ `ªæZ m¤¢e ey‡R©vqv †kªYxi HwZnvwmK wgkb m¤úbœKi‡Yi cÖqvm †bq| Drcv`‡bi wbPz gvÎvq Ges gv_v wcQz ¶z`ª RvZxq Av‡qi wfwˇZ cyuwRi `ªæZ mÂqY RbM‡Yi †fv‡M Ges Zv‡`i RxebhvÎvi gv‡b LyeB Pvc ˆZix K‡i| GB Ae¯’vax‡b, AvgjvZš¿ iƒcvšÍwiZ nq cyuwRi e¨w³Kvq‡b (personification), hv‡`i Rb¨ cyuwRi mÂqYB cÖ_gZ I †klZ mewKQz (be all and end all), ZvB GwU‡K kªwgK †kªYxi wbqš¿‡Yi mKj AewkóvskI D‡”Q` Ki‡Z nq| kªwgK †kªYx‡K GKKvwqZ (atomise) Ki‡Z, Ges mKj mvgvwRK-ivR‰bwZK Rxeb‡K GKwU me©vZ¥Kev`x Quv‡P †dj‡Z eva¨Ki‡Y, GwU kªg cÖwµqv‡Z Drmvn (conviction)-†K cÖwZ¯’vwcZ K‡i `gb-cxob (coercion) w`‡q |

GwU ¯úóZ cÖZxqgvb †h cyuwRi mÂqY cÖwµqv‡Z I kªwgK‡`i wbh©vZ‡b, AvgjvZš¿ Drcv`b m¤ú‡K© Gi mvgvwRK †kªôZ¡‡K e¨envi Ki‡Z †`ix K‡i bv e›Ub m¤úK©vejx‡Z Gi wb‡R‡`i myweavejx AR©‡b| GBfv‡e Ae‡iv‡ai Ae¯’vax‡b GKwU cðvrc` †`‡k K…wl‡Z wkívqb I cÖvhyw³K wecøe (‘‡hŠ_KiY’) AvgjvZš¿‡K iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i cÖ‡jZvwi‡q‡Zi cÖZ¨¶ I c‡iv¶ Pvc I wbqš¿Yvaxb  GKwU ¯Íi †_‡K GKwU kvmK †kªYxi ¯Í‡i|

Ø›Ø (contradictions) I we¯§‡q (surprises) fiv Øvw›ØK HwZnvwmK weKvk GwU ‡`Lvq †h ÔGK †`‡k mgvRZš¿ cÖwZôvÕ Zivwš^ZKi‡Yi welqxMZ (subjective) AwfcÖv‡q AvgjvZ‡š¿i ‡bqv cÖ_g c`‡¶c ivó&ªxq cyuwRev` cÖwZôvi wfwË nq|⁵²

cÖ_g I wØZxq c evwl©K cwiKíbv؇qi mg‡q †fvM (consumption) m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c mÂqY (accumulation) Gi Aaxb¯’ nq| GBfv‡e mvgwMÖK Drcv`‡b †fvM¨c‡Y¨i †kqvi 1927-28 Gi 67.2% †_‡K †b‡g 1940G 39.0% nq| GKB mgq Kv‡j Drcv`K mvgMªx (producer goods) Gi †kqvi 32.8% †_‡K †e‡o 61.0% nq| GwU 1921-28 Gi mg‡qi wecixZ hLb AvgjvZvwš¿K weK…wZ m‡Ë¡I, †fvM mÂq‡Yi Aaxb¯’ nqwb, eis Drcv`b, †fvM I mÂq‡Yi GKwU ‡gvUvgywU fvimvg¨c~Y© cÖe„w× msNwUZ nq|

AvgjvZvwš¿K ivóªxq cyuwRev` wn‡m‡e ivwkqvi GB we‡kølYwU Îrw¯‹i ¯’vqx wecø‡ei ZË¡‡K AbymiY K‡i hv‡Z cyuwRZvwš¿K wek¦e¨e¯’v‡K frame of referencewn‡m‡e †bqv n‡q‡Q| hw` GwU The Revolution BetrayedI Ab¨Î †`qv ¯Ívwjbcš’x ‡iwRg m¤ú‡K© Îrw¯‹i we‡kølY †_‡K GK avc AMÖMwZ n‡q _v‡K, Z‡e Zv GB Rb¨ †h GwU ‡mvwf‡qU BDwbq‡b we`¨gvb Drcv`‡bi aib (mode of production) I Drcv`b m¤úK©vejxi Dci wek¦cyuwRZ‡š¿i Pvc‡K we‡ePbvi g‡a¨ Av‡b| Îrw¯‹i e¨vL¨v wm‡÷‡gi MwZkxjZv‡K ai‡Z cv‡i bv| Drcv`b m¤úK©vejxi cwie‡Z© GwU wb‡R‡K wb‡qvwRZ iv‡L m¤úwËi iƒcmg~‡ni gv‡S| GwU wm‡÷‡gi ivR‰bwZK A_©bxwZ †`q bv| AvgjvZvwš¿K ivóªxq cyuwRev‡`i ZË¡ DfqwU Kivi †Póv K‡i|

wKš‘ Avgv‡`i ¯úó nIqv `iKvi †h Zuvi ¯’vqx wecø‡ei ZË¡, ÔGK †`‡k mgvRZ‡š¿i gZev` (docrine)ÕGi we‡ivaxZv, Ges ¯Ívwjbcš’x AvgjvZ‡š¿i weiæ‡× Zuvi mvnwmK msMÖvg BZ¨vw`mn wjIb Îrw¯‹i gZb GKRb Rvqv‡›Ui Kuv‡a fi K‡i †h †KD ¯Ívwjbxq aviv (order) m¤ú‡K© Dcjwäi ¶gZv AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i|                     

Îrw¯‹i cÖqv‡Yi A‡bK eQi c‡i ¯Ívwjbcš’x ‡iwR‡gi ch©‡e¶‡Yi my‡hvMB AvgvjvZvwš¿K ivóªxq cyuwRev‡`i Z‡Ë¡i weKvk m¤¢eci K‡i †Zv‡j| cye© BD‡iv‡ci ¯Ívwj‡bi m¨v‡UjvB‡U iƒcvšÍiY Avgv‡K GKwU cÖkœ Ki‡Z eva¨ K‡i ‡h weK…Z kªwgK †kªYxi ivóª wn‡m‡e Îrw¯‹i eY©bv ch©vß wQj wKbv|

ivwkqv GKwU kªwgK †kªYxi ivóª Ñ GB ZË¡wU A¯^xKviKi‡Y Îrw¯‹‡K Kx evav w`‡qwQj?

AZx‡Zi Av‡jv‡K fwel¨r†K †`Lv nj GKwU cÖeYZv| A‡bK eQi a‡iB †kvl‡Yi weiæ‡× msMÖvg e¨w³MZ m¤úwËi gvwjK‡`i A_©vr ey‡R©vqv †kªYxi weiæ‡× msMÖv‡gi iƒc aviY K‡i‡Q| myZivs hLb †jwbb, Îrw¯‹ I Ab¨vb¨ ej‡kwfK †bZviv e‡jb †h hw` ivwkqvi kªwgK †kªYxi ivóª wew”Qbœ _v‡K, Z‡e GwU aŸsm n‡q hv‡e, Zuviv Kíbv K‡iwQ‡jb †h aŸsm GKwU wbw`©ó ai‡b A_©vr e¨w³MZ m¤úwËi cybcÖwZôvq| ivóªxq m¤úwˇK †`Lv n‡qwQj †gnbwZ gvby‡li msMÖv‡gi dmj wn‡m‡e| GLvb †_‡KB GwU wQj Îrw¯‹i Dcmsnv‡ii w`‡K †KejgvÎ GKwU  c`‡¶c| ivwkqv‡Z ivóªxq gvwjKvbvi Aw¯Í‡Z¡i KviY wQj kªwgK †kªYxi cÖwZ AvgjvZ‡š¿i fq| Gi A_© nj AvgjvZš¿ GKwU cÖwZwecøe msNwUZKi‡Y evavgy³ wQj bv, †h wecøe cyuwRev`, e¨w³MZ m¤úwË Ges DËivwaKv‡ii cybtcÖwZôv Ki‡Zv|

weRq`„ß cÖwZwµqv (reaction)Gi Awbevh©  A_© GB bq †h cÖ¯’v‡bi g~j we›`y‡Z cÖZ¨veZ©b| GB NUbv Abyave‡b AZxZ AwfÁZv wQj Îrw¯‹i cÖavb cÖwZeÜKZv| g›`v †_‡K cyuwRev` Avm‡Z cv‡i †cPv‡bv c‡_, hv‡Z wecøe c~e© mg‡qi Dcv`vbmg~n Ges wecøex AZx‡Zi Dcv`vbmg~n mshy³ nq| cyivZb cuywRev`x †kªYx Avav‡ii ZLb DÌvb NU‡Z cv‡i bqv ÔmgvRZvwš¿KÕ †cvlv‡Ki AvjLvjøvq, GBfv‡e mshy³ weKv‡ki ZË¡ (law of combined development) AwaKZi wbwðZfv‡e cÖgvwYZ nq| GB ZË¡wU weKv‡k Îrw¯‹ wb‡RB A‡bK wKQz K‡ib|

mviv‡_© GwU ejv hvq †h hLb ¯Ívwjbcš’x ‡iwR‡gi †evSv‡cvovq (understanding) Îrw¯‹ Zzjbvwenxbfv‡e Ab¨ †h †Kvb gvK©mev`xi ‡P‡q AwaKZi Ae`vb iv‡Lb, ZLb Zuvi we‡kølYwU e¨vnZ nq GKwU gvivZ¥K mxgve×Zv w`‡q, GwU nj AvbyôvwbKZvev` (formalism) Gi cÖwZ i¶Ykxj mshyw³ (attachment)| GwU ¯^fveMZfv‡e gvK©mev‡`i m‡½ mvsNwl©K (contradictory), hv iƒc (form)†K Avavi (content) Gi Aaxb K‡i|

¯Ívwjbcš’x ‡iwR‡gi ¯^iƒc D‡¤§vPb

¯Ívwjbxq ‡iwRg mnRvZfv‡e cyuwRev` †_‡K †kªô, A_©vr GwU cyuwRev` †_‡K AwaKZi cÖMwZkxj, GB cye© aviYvwU Îrw¯‹i ‡h †Rviv‡jv `vex‡Z mvivskvwqZ n‡q‡Q Zv nj GB †h ÔcÖvq mgMÖ cyuwRev`x `ywbqvi ¯’weiZv I g›`vi wecix‡Z ivwkqv‡Z Drcvw`Kv kw³mg~‡ni weKvk n‡q‡Q LyeB MwZkxjfv‡eÕ|<sup>53</sup> Aek¨, gvK©mev`x‡`i Rb¨, GK †iwR‡gi Zzjbvq Avi GKwU ‡iwR‡gi Av‡cw¶K cÖMwZ m‡e©vcwi cÖKvk Kiv nq Gi Drcvw`Kv kw³i AwaKZi weKv‡ki m¶gZvi Ici|

Îrw¯‹ e‡jb †h †mvwf‡qZ †iwRg cyuwRev‡`i AR©‡bi mxgv‡K Qvwo‡q `ªæZ MwZ‡Z Drcvw`Kv kw³i weKv‡ki m¶gZv cÖ`k©b K‡i| Gi mv‡_ Zvj wgwj‡q 1956 m‡b †g‡Ûj wj‡Lb:

‡mvwfqZ BDwbqb ‡gvUvgywUfv‡e A_©bxwZi fvimvg¨c~Y© cÖe„w×i Q›` eRvq iv‡L cwiKíbvi ci cwiKíbv‡Z, `k‡Ki ci `k‡K, AZx‡Zi †Kvb cÖMwZi fi QvovB fwel¨‡Zi m¤¢vebvi. . . . | cyuwRev`x A_©bxwZi †h mKj Dbœq‡bi wbqgvejx A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×i MwZ‡Z cÖwZeÜKZv ˆZix K‡i †m¸‡jv `~i Kiv nq|⁵⁴

1956 Gi GKB eQ‡i AvBRvK `‡qrkvi (Isaac Deutcher) fwel¨ØvYx K‡ib †h `k eQi c‡i ‡mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi Rxeb hvÎvi gvb cwðg BD‡iv‡ci Rxeb hvÎvi gvb‡K AwZµg Ki‡e!

iæk ‡iwR‡gi ivóªxq cyuwRev`x we‡kølY wVK wecixZ w`KwU wb‡`©k K‡i: Drcvw`Kv kw³i Dbœq‡Y AvgjvZš¿ cÖwZeÜK wQj, Ges Av‡iv †ekx K‡i cÖwZeÜK n‡e| 1948 G cÖKvwkZ Ô¯Ívwjbxq ivwkqvi †kªYx PwiÎÕ `wjjwU‡Z ejv nq †h hw`I AvgjvZ‡š¿i f~wgKv wQj kª‡gi Drcv`bkxjZv e„w× K‡i ivwkqv‡K wkívwqZ Kiv, wKš‘ GB cÖwµqv‡Z GwU Zx¶è ؇›Ø (contradiction) cÖ‡ek K‡i:

AvgjvZ‡š¿i HwZnvwmK KZ©e¨ wQj kª‡gi Drcv`bkxjZv e„w×KiY| GwU Ki‡Z ‡h‡q AvgjvZš¿ Mfxi ؇›Ø Rvwo‡q c‡o| GKwU wbw`©ó ch©v‡qi Dc‡i kª‡gi Drcv`bkxjZv e„w×i j‡¶¨ RbM‡Yi RxebhvÎvi gvb‡K Aewk¨ e„w× Ki‡Z n‡e, KviY Acywó, RxY© Avevmb I Awk¶vi wkKvi kªwgK‡kªYx AvaywbK Drcv`‡b m¶g bq|⁵⁵

`gb-cxo‡bi gva¨‡g GKwU ch©vq ch©šÍ AvgjvZš¿ kªwgK‡`i Drcv`bkxjZv e„wׇZ m¶g, wKš‘ GwU Awbw`©óKvj ch©šÍ Pj‡Z cv‡i bv| RxebhvÎvi gvb e„w×i e¨_©Zv B‡Zvg‡a¨ Drcv`bkxjZv e„w×i nv‡i g›`v Ges ÔDrcv`‡b Agm„Y DbœqYÕ Gi  w`‡K avweZ K‡i _vK‡Z cv‡i|⁵⁶

ivwkqvi ivóªxq cyuwRev‡`i Ici ivwkqv: GKwU gvK©mxq we‡kølY wk‡ivbv‡gi GKwU eB‡qi bZzb ms¯‹iY cÖKvwkZ nq 1964†Z| GB ms¯‹i‡Yi 100 c„ôvi  Avc‡W‡U ejv nq †h ¯Ívwjb †_‡K DËivwaKvi iƒ‡c cvIqv †mvwf‡qZ A_©bxwZ AwaKZi APj n‡”Q msK‡Ui Dcv`vbmg~n w`‡q| Ges Drcv`b weKv‡ki Ici GB A_©bxwZ ‡ekx †ekx RMÏj cv_‡i cwiYZ n‡”Q:

cÖwZwU bZzb e¨_©Zv A_ev Amyweavi (diffficulty) cÖwZ ¯Ívwj‡bi `„wófw½i c×wZ wQj Pvc I mš¿vm e„w×KiY| wKš‘ GB K‡Vvi c×wZ †KejgvÎ AwaKZi AgvbweKB nqwb, m‡½ m‡½ AwaKZi Abyc‡hvMxI| Pvey‡Ki cÖwZwU bqv Zx¶è AvIqvR RbM‡Yi msKíe× wKš‘ wbie cÖwZ‡iva e„w× K‡i| . . . . mKj AvaywbK wkí cÖMwZi Ici Abgbxq ¯Ívwjbxq wbh©vZb evav n‡q `uvovq|    

A_©bxwZi mKj †¶‡Î ¯Ívwjbcš’x ‡iwRg wKfv‡e cÖwZeÜK n‡q `vovq, Zvi GKwU Pzj‡Piv we‡kølY i‡q‡Q eBwU‡Z| K…wl‡Z msK‡Ui Ici GwU‡Z ejv nq:

MÖvgv‡j ¯Ívwjb †h DËivwaKvi †i‡L hvb Zv nj wmwK kZvãxi AwaK ¯’vqx g›`vi Rjvf~wgi c‡¼ wbgw¾Z K…wl| 1949-53 G km¨ Drcv`b 1910-14 Gi ‡P‡q gvÎ 12.8 kZvsk †ekx wQj, wKš‘ GKB mg‡q RbmsL¨v †e‡owQj 30 kZvsk| ‡mvwf‡qZ K…wl‡Z kª‡gi Drcv`bkxjZv gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi gvÎ GK-cÂgvs‡k †cuŠ‡QwQj|

A‡bK¸‡jv Kvi‡Yi Rb¨ g›`v ‡iwR‡gi cÖwZ ûgwK n‡q `uvwo‡qwQj| cÖ_gZ, MÖvgv‡j cÖ”Qbœ †eKviZ¡ e¨vcKgvÎvq `~ixKi‡Yi ci, K…wl‡Z kª‡gi Drcv`bkxjZv e„w×KiY Qvov wk‡í kª‡gi †hvMvb †`qv Am¤¢e n‡q c‡owQj| wØZxqZ, K…wl †_‡K cyuwRi Drmg~n wk‡íi cÖe„wׇZ mnvqZvKi‡Y †hvMvb †`qv GKUv ch©v‡qi ci Am¤¢e n‡q c‡o| ¯Ívwj‡bi ÔcuywRi Avw`g mÂqbÕ Gi c×wZ AbyNUK †_‡K g›`vq‡K cwiYZ n‡q mgMÖ A_©bxwZ‡K ¯’wei K‡i †`q|⁵⁸

wk‡í Kx N‡UwQj? hw`I mv‡o wZb `k‡Ki AwaK mgq a‡i wkí e¨vcKfv‡e m¤úªmviY n‡qwQj, Zvici GwUiI cÖe„w×i nvi A‡avMvgx nw”Qj| 1930 Gi `k‡K cvðv‡Z¨i †_‡K AwaKZi `ªæZ Drcv`bkxjZv e„w× cvq, wKš‘ GwU eZ©gv‡b ivwkqvi cÖavb cÖwZØ›Øx gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi †_‡K we‡ePbvi †hvM¨ wbPz gvÎvq AvU‡K †M‡Q:

1957Gi †k‡l gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi †_‡K †mvwf‡qU BDwbq‡b wkí kªwg‡Ki msL¨v ev‡iv kZvsk †ekx wQj . . . Zvm‡Ë¡I, GgbwK †mvwf‡qZ wn‡me Abymv‡iI, ‡mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡b 1956†Z evwl©K wkí Drcv`b wQj gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi †P‡q A‡a©K|⁵⁹

K„wl‡Z msK‡Ui Kvi‡Y, wk‡í wbPz gvÎvi Drcv`bkxjZvi ¶wZc~iY Kiv hvw”Qj bv wkí-kªwg‡Ki msL¨v e¨vcK gvÎvq e„w× K‡i| myZivs iæk AvgjvZš¿‡K ivwkqvi A_©bxwZi Af¨šÍ‡i AcPqx I wbgœgv‡bi Drcv`b e„w×i w`‡K ewa©Zfv‡e bRi w`‡Z nw”Qj|

eBwU‡Z AcP‡qi KwZcq Dr†mi LywUbvwU e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡qwQj: cÖ‡Kvôvqb (compartmentalism) G›UvicªvBR¸‡jv‡K avweZ K‡iwQj Af¨šÍixYfv‡e `ªe¨vw` Drcv`b Ki‡Z †h¸‡jv Ab¨ †Kv_vI AwaKZi m¯Ívq Drcv`b Kiv †h‡Zv;⁶⁰e¨e¯’vcK I kªwgK KZ…©K ‡hvMv‡bi gRy`KiY;<sup>61</sup> cÖvhyw³K Avwe®‹vi‡K e¨e¯’vcKMY KZ©„K cÖwZ‡ivaKiY;<sup>62</sup> ¸YMZ gv‡bi wecix‡Z msL¨vMZ gv‡bi Dci ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc;<sup>63</sup> i¶Yv‡e¶‡Yi cÖwZ Ae‡njv;<sup>64</sup> ÔKv¸‡R KvR I wek„•LjvÕi e„w×;<sup>65</sup> e¨ve¯’vcK‡`i wewfbœ d¨v±wii Av‡cw¶K `¶Zv wbiæc‡Y Kvh©Ki I †hŠw³K g~j¨ e¨e¯’v (efficient and rational price mechanism) Gi `iKvi nq, †mwU cÖwZôvq e¨_©Zv|⁶⁶ DcmsnviwU wQj wbgœiƒc:

hw` Avgiv ÔcwiKwíZ A_©bxwZÕ ej‡Z Ggb GKwU A_©bxwZ eywS hv‡Z mKj Dcv`vb †gŠjmg~n Awf‡hvwRZ I e¨ew¯’Z Kiv nq GKwU GKK Q‡›`, G‡Z msNl©vejx b~bZg _v‡K, Ges m‡e©vcwi, G‡Z A_©‰bwZK wm×všÍvejx wb‡Z fwel¨r`wk©Zv eRvq _v‡K, Zvn‡j iæk A_©bxwZ cwiKwíZ Qvov Ab¨ †h †Kvb wKQz| cÖK…Z cwiKíbvi cwie‡Z©, A_©bxwZ‡Z ˆZixK…Z k~b¨¯’vb c~i‡Yi Rb¨ miKvix Av‡`‡ki K‡Vvi c×wZi D™¢e nq GB miKv‡ii wm×všÍvejx I Kg©KvÛ w`‡q| AZGe, †mvwf‡qZ cwiKwíZ A_©bxwZ m¤ú‡K© ejvi cwie‡Z©, GKwU AvgjvZvwš¿Kfv‡e cwiPvwjZ A_©bxwZ m¤ú‡K© ejv AwaKZi mwVK|⁶⁷

Aewk¨ Ab¨ Av‡iv †jvKRb iæk A_©bxwZi A`¶Zvi eY©bv cÖ`vb K‡iwQ‡jb| Dc‡ii eY©bv‡K hv ‰ewkó¨vwqZ K‡i Zv nj GB †h AcPq I A`¶Zv (waste and inefficiencies) †K †`Lv nq ivóªxq cyuwRev`xi e¨e¯’vi dmj wn‡m‡e| iæk wk‡í ˆbivR¨ I AcPqRwbZ ¶wZi (anarchy and wastage) ‡gŠwjK KviYmg~n wbwnZ i‡q‡Q GKwU wew”Qbœ (isolated) A_©bxwZ‡Z cuywRZvwš¿K mÂqbÑ Drcv`‡bi m‡e©v”P j¶¨gvÎv I wbgœ mieivn|        

RuvwZ (nutcraker) Gi `yBwU evûi gZb G¸‡jv e¨e¯’vcK‡`i Dci Pvc m„wó K‡i, Zv‡`i cÖZviYvq Drmvn †hvMvq, Drcv`b m¤¢vebvmg~n †Mvcb K‡i, hš¿cvwZ I mieiv‡ni (equipments and supply) cÖ‡qvRb‡K dzwj‡q dvwc‡q †`Lvq, m¤ú`mg~n gRy` K‡i wbivcËvi fvb †`Lvq, Ges mvaviYfv‡e i¶Ykxjfv‡e KvR K‡i| GwU AcP‡qi w`‡K avweZ K‡i, Ges myZivs mieiv‡ni Av‡iv NvUwZ nq Ges Dci †_‡K e¨e¯’vcK‡`i Ici Pvc e„w× cvq, hv‡`i‡K Av‡iv AwaK cÖZviYv Ki‡Z nq, Ges Gfv‡e GKwU `yóPµ Pj‡Z _v‡K |

D”P j¶¨gvÎv I wbgœ mieivn ewa©òz wefvMZ‡š¿i (departmentalism) w`‡K avweZ K‡i, mvaviYfv‡e A_©bxwZi wewbg‡q GKRb wb‡Ri ‡mKUi‡K †`Lfvj K‡iÑcybivq GKwU `yóPµ| GKB mgm¨v e¨e¯’vcK‡`i AMÖvwaKviKi‡Yi w`‡K avweZ K‡i| wKš‘ GB AMÖvwaKvi e¨e¯’v (system) I ÔcÖPvivwfhvbÕ (campaign) c×wZi GKwU ¯úó cwigvYMZ gvb`‡Ûi NvUwZ _vKvq, GwU AcPq I weK…wZi w`‡K avweZ K‡i| GB ˆewkó¨vejxi weiæ‡× msMÖv‡g eûwea wbqš¿Y e¨e¯’vi D™¢e N‡U, †h¸‡jv wb‡RivB wQj AcPqKi Ges Zv‡`i cÖYvjxe×KiY (systematization) I msMwZi (harmony) NvUwZ Av‡iv APc‡qi w`‡K avweZ K‡i| myZivs Avgjv‡`i Kv¸‡R wcivwgW I AvwZk‡h¨i Rb¨ Av‡iv wbqš¿‡Yi `iKvi c‡o| Avev‡iv GKwU `yóPµ| AwZ D”PgvÎvq cwiKíbvi j¶¨gvÎv Ges wbPy gvÎvi mieiv‡ni g‡a¨Kvi Ø›Ø (conflict) †_‡K `yóP‡µi D™¢e, GwU‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq cwieZ©b-cwi‡hvRbc~e©K (mutatis mutandis) `ye©j g~j¨ †KŠkj (poor  price mechanism) djvd‡ji Ici Av‡ivc Kiv hvq| GwU AvbyµwgKfv‡e Zvic‡iI AwaKZi wefvMZš¿ (departmentalism), AMÖvwaKvi wfwËK cÖPvivwfhvb I wbqš¿Ymg~‡ni AvwZkh¨‡K DrmvwnZ K‡i|

GB mg¯Í mgm¨vejxi †cQ‡b i‡q‡Q cyuwRZvwš¿K cÖ‡Yv`bv Ñ ¶gZvi Rb¨ ˆewk¦K cÖwZ‡hvwMZv Ges GwU †_‡K DØZ©‡bi Rb¨ cÖPÛ mvgwiK e¨qfv‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxqZv|

            wbgœ Drcv`bkxjZv †KejgvÎ Dci †_‡K Ae¨e¯’vcbvi Rb¨ N‡Uwb, wbP †_‡K kªwgK‡`i cÖwZ‡ivamg~‡ni Rb¨I N‡U‡Q| GB wbPz Drcv`bkxjZvi gvÎv Dc‡ii Ae¨e¯’vcbv I åvwšÍ wKsev kªwgK‡`i cÖwZ‡iv‡ai dj wKbv, GUv wePvi Kiv Am¤¢e wQj | `yÕwU Aeqe‡K ¯^fveZB c„_K Kiv hvq bv| gvby‡li cÖ‡qvRb †gUv‡bi †P‡q eis e¨q n«vmKi‡Y Ges `¶Zv e„wׇZ DrKwÉZ wQj mvaviYfv‡e cyuwRev`, Ges we‡klfv‡e Gi AvgjvZvwš¿K ivóªxq cyuwRev`x cÖKiY| Gi †hŠw³KZv wQj g~jZ A‡hŠw³K, †h‡nZz GwU kªwgK‡K ciKxK…Z K‡i, GKwU welqx‡Z (subject) cwiYZ Kivi cwie‡Z© GKwU Ôe¯‘Õ‡Z (thing), GKwU manipulated object G iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i, KviY GKRb welqx kªwgK Zvi Rxeb‡K wb‡Ri B”Qvbymv‡i iƒc `vb Ki‡Z cv‡i| †mB Kvi‡Y kªwg‡Kiv Drcv`‡b AšÍivq ˆZix K‡i|⁶⁸

GB DcmsnviwU w`‡q ivwkqvi kªwgK‡`i Ici Aa¨vqwU †kl nq:

eZ©gv‡b iæk †bZ…e„‡›`i †K›`ªxq D‡Ø‡Mi welq n‡jv Kxfv‡e kªwgK‡`i Drcv`bkxjZv DbœwZ Kiv hvq| kªwgK‡`i Zv‡`i Kv‡Ri cÖwZ `„wófw½i A_© KL‡bvB mgv‡Ri cÖwZ AwaKZi GiKgwU wQjbv| kªwgK‡`i AvgjvZ‡š¿i Drc`vbkxj †gwk‡bi bMY¨ As‡k cwiYZKi‡Yi cÖ‡Póv †_‡K, kªwgK‡`i †hwU me‡_‡K `iKvi †h Drcv`bkxjZv I m„Rbkxj mvg_©, †m¸‡jv‡K Zviv nZ¨v K‡i| †hŠw³KvwqZ I ¸iæZ¡v‡ivcK…Z †kvlY kª‡gi Drcv`bkxjZv e„wׇZ fqven cÖwZeÜKZv m„wó K‡i|

kªwgK †kªYx hZ AwaK `¶ I mymsnZ nq, ZLb Zviv †KejgvÎ ciKxKiY (alienation) I †kvlYB cÖwZ‡iva bv, m‡½ m‡½ Zviv Zv‡`i †kvlK I wbh©vZK‡`i Rb¨ ewa©Zfv‡e N„Yv cÖ`k©b K‡i| kªwgK †kªYx cÖvhyw³K cÖkvmK wn‡m‡e AvgjvZ‡š¿i Rb¨ Zv‡`i kª×v nvwi‡q †d‡j‡Q| MY‡iv‡li m¤§y‡L †Kvb kvmK †kªYxB Zvi kvmK `xN©w`b eRvq ivL‡Z cv‡i bv|⁶⁹

AvgjvZvwš¿K ivóªxq cyuwRev` MfxiZi I MfxiZi mvaviY msK‡U wbgw¾Z nw”Qj| gvK©m †hgbwU e¨vL¨v K‡iwQ‡jb, hLb GKwU mvgvwRK e¨e¯’v Drcvw`Kv kw³i weKv‡k euvav n‡q `vovq, ZLb wecø‡ei hyM ïiæ nq|

¯Ívwjwbq ‡iwR‡gi gqbvZ`šÍ

GKRb gvbyl RxweZ _vK‡Z †h Mfxi Amy¯’Zv w`‡q AvµvšÍ nq, gqbvZ`šÍ Zv cÖKvk K‡i| GBfv‡e GKwU mvgvwRK web¨v‡mi (social order) g„Zz¨i gyûZ©wU n‡Z cv‡i Zvi m‡Z¨i gyûZ©|  ¯^qs BDGmGmAvi G Ômvg¨ev`Õ Gi cZ‡bi ci, hLb 1989 Gi kir I kx‡Z ¯Ívwj‡bi †mbvevwnbx KZ…©K AwawôZ c~e© BD‡iv‡ci ‡iwRgmg~n †f‡½ †h‡Z ïiæ K‡i, ZLb ¯Ívwjwbq †iwR‡gi cÖK…wZi Ici my¯úó wePvi mnRZi nq|mgvRZvwš¿K wn‡m‡e, A_ev GgbwK ÔAatcwZZ kªwgK †kªYxi ivóªÕ wn‡m‡e Ñ A_©vr, cyuwRev` I mgvRZ‡š¿i g‡a¨Kvi DËiYKvjxb ch©vq wn‡m‡e  ¯Ívwjbcš’x ‡iwR‡gi Dcjw× Ñ GB Abygvb K‡i †h GwU cyuwRev` †_‡K AwaKZi cÖMwZkxj| GKRb gvK©mev`xi Rb¨ mevi Ic‡i Zvrch©gwÛZ †h GwU cyuwRev‡`i †P‡q AwaKZi `¶fv‡e Drcvw`Kv kw³ weKv‡k m¶g| Avgv‡`i GKgvÎ Îrw¯‹i K_v¸‡jv ¯§i‡Y ivLv `iKvi:

mgvRZš¿ weR‡qi AwaKvi cÖ`k©b K‡i‡Q, †KejgvÎ Das Kapital Gi cvZvq bq, eis c„w_exi GK-lôvsk Rwg‡Z Aew¯’Z wkí †¶‡ÎI Ñ †KejgvÎ Ø›Ø Z‡Ë¡i fvlvq bq, B¯úvZ, wm‡g›U I we`y¨‡Zi fvlvq|⁷⁰

ev¯ÍweKB GwU wQj wkí Dbœq‡bi fvlv †hwU c~e© BD‡ivc I BDGmGmAvi Gi NUbvejxi e¨vL¨v K‡i| wKš‘ hv N‡UwQj Zv weRq bq, eis 1970Gi `k‡Ki †klfv‡M Ges 1980Gi `k‡Ki cÖ_g fv‡M A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×i n«vm, †hwU g›`v Ges GB †`k¸‡jvi  m‡½ AMÖmi cwð‡gi cv_©K¨ e„w×i w`‡K avweZ K‡iwQj|

‡mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡b GNPGi evwl©K e„w×i nvi wQj wbgœiƒc: cÖ_g cÂevwl©K cwiKíbv (hw`I AwZiwÄZ `vex), 19.2%; 1950-59, 5.8%; 1970-78, 3.7%; 1980-82 †Z GwU wQj 1.5% Gi bx‡P; Gi †kl wZb-Pvi eQ‡i cªe„w×i nvi wQj FYvZ¥K|⁷¹

hw` cvðv‡Z¨i †_‡K c~e© BD‡ivc I BDGmGmAvi Gi kª‡gi Drcv`bkxjZv AwaKZi MwZkxj n‡Zv, Z‡e †Kb eyS‡Z cviv hv‡e bv †h GB mg¯Í †`‡ki kvmKeM©  cwiYv‡g  evRv‡ii †cÖggy&» nq| Zvici Rvg©vwbi cyb‡iKwÎKi‡Y †`Lvi K_v wQj cwðg Rvgv©wbi Zzjbvq c~e© Rvg©vwbi wk‡íi mg„w×| cÖK…Zc‡¶ cyb‡iKÎxKi‡Yi ci c~e© Rvgv©b A_©bxwZ †f‡½ c‡o| 1989G c~e© Rvg©vwb‡Z K‡g© wb‡qvwRZ kªwg‡Ki msL¨v wQj `k wbhyZ, Ab¨w`‡K GLb †KejgvÎ Qq wbhyZ| cvðv‡Z¨i †j‡f‡ji Zzjbvq c~e© Rvgv©wb‡Z kª‡gi Drcv`bkxjZv wQj gvÎ 29%|<sup>72</sup> GKBfv‡e hw`I c~e© Rvg©vwbi Drcv`bkxjZvi gvÎv c~e© BD‡iv‡c m‡e©v”P wQj, wKš‘ cwðg Rvg©vwb I Ab¨vb¨ AMÖmi A_©bxwZi Zzjbvq ZLb ch©šÍ wbPz wQj hv‡`i m‡½ Gi cÖwZ‡hvwMZv Ki‡Z n‡Zv|

hw` BDGmGmAvi kªwgK †kªYxi ivóª n‡Zv, h‡Zv weK…Zfv‡eB †nvK bv †Kb, GUv wbwðZ †h hw` cyuwRev` GwU‡K AvµgY Ki‡Zv, Zvn‡j kªwgK †kªYx Zv‡`i iv‡óªi cÖwZi¶vq GwM‡q Avm‡Zv| Îrw¯‹ memgq ¯^Ztwm×fv‡e we‡ePbv Ki‡Zb †h cyuwRev` KZ…©K AvµvšÍ n‡j ‡mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi kªwgK †kªYx Gi mnvqZvq GwM‡q Avm‡e, G‡K KZ©„Z¡Kvix AvgjvZš¿ hZB `ybx©wZMÖ¯’ I weK…Z †nvK bv †Kb| ‡mvwf‡qZ AvgjvZš¿ I †UªW BDwbqb AvgjvZ‡š¿i ga¨Kvi Zzjbv wQj Îrw¯‹i cQ‡›`i| bvbv ai‡Yi †UªW BDwbqb i‡q‡Q †hgb R½x, ms¯‹viev`x, wecøex, cÖwZwµqvkxj, K¨v_wjK Ñ wKš‘ meB nj national cakeG kªwgK †kªYxi As‡ki `iKhvKwli Rb¨ cÖwZi¶v msMVb| Îrw¯‹ e‡jb †h, †UªW BDwbq‡b KZ…©Z¡Kvix AvgjvZš¿ hZB cÖwZwµqvkxj †nvK bv †Kb, kªwgK †kªYx me mgqB ÔZv‡`i cÖMwZkxj c`‡¶cmg~n mg_©b Ki‡e Ges . . . ey‡Rv©qv †kªYxi weiæ‡× Zv‡`i i¶v Ki‡e|Õ

wKš‘ 1989 G msKUKvj Dcw¯’Z n‡j †`Lv †Mj †h c~e© BD‡iv‡ci kªwgK †kªYx ÔZv‡`iÕ iv‡óªi cªwZi¶vq GwM‡q Avmj bv| ¯Ívwjwbq ivóªmg~n kªwgK †kªYxi ivóª n‡j GUv e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq bv †h †Kb Zv‡`i GKgvÎ cÖwZi¶K iægvwbqv‡Z Securitate, c~e© Rvg©vbx‡Z Stasi, BZ¨vw`, A_ev ‡mvwf‡qZ kªwgK †kªYx ‡Kb B‡q‡jrwmb‡K mg_©b †`b, whwb evRv‡ii GKRb `„p cªwZwbwa|

1989G cyuwRev‡`i cybtcÖwZôv NUj, hw` c~e© BD‡ivc I ‡mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi ‡iwRg DËi-cyuwRev`x n‡Zv, Zvn‡j Kxfv‡e GB cybtcÖwZôv AwR©Z nj GiKg we¯§qKi mv”Q‡›`? Îrw¯‹ e‡jwQ‡jb †h GKwU mvgvwRK e¨e¯’v (social order) †_‡K Aci GKwU‡Z iƒcvšÍi‡Y Aewk¨ GKwU M„nhy× Abym½x n‡e| wKš‘ NUbvejx Îrw¯‹i `vex Abymv‡i msNwUZ nqwb| Îrw¯‹ †j‡Lb:

GK †kªYxi nvZ †_‡K Ab¨ GK †kªbxi nv‡Z ¶gZvi n¯ÍvšÍ‡ii aŸsmvZ¥K ˆewk‡ó¨i m‡½ m¤úwK©Z gvK©mev`x ZË¡ †KejgvÎ wecøex mg‡qB cÖ‡qvM‡hvM¨ hLb BwZnvm cvMjv‡Ufv‡e mvg‡bi w`‡K AMÖmi nq Zv bq, GwU cÖwZ-wecø‡ei mg‡qI cÖ‡qvM‡hvM¨, hLb mgvR †cQ‡bi w`‡K avweZ nq| whwb `vex K‡ib †h †mvwf‡qZ miKvi ax‡i ax‡i cÖ‡jZvwiq †_‡K ey‡R©vqvRx‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡q‡Q, ej‡Z †M‡j wZwb ms¯‹viev‡`i wdj¥‡K †cQ‡bi w`‡K avweZ K‡ib|⁷³

1989Gi wecøe e¨vcK gvÎvi mvgvwRK msNl© I mš¿v‡mi Abycw¯’wZi Rb¨ D‡jøL¨| †ivgvwbqv Qvov Avi †Kv_vI †Kvb mk¯¿ msNl© wQj bv| ev¯ÍeZ _¨vPv‡ii weª‡U‡b cywjk I ag©NUx Lwb kªwgK‡`i g‡a¨ msNwUZ fqven msN‡l©i Zzjbvq c~e© Rvg©vwb, †P‡Kv¯øvfvwKqv I nv‡½wi‡Z ¯^í cwigv‡Y msNl© msNwUZ n‡qwQj|

GKwU mvgvwRK e¨e¯’v (social order) †_‡K Ab¨wU‡Z avcvšÍ‡i Avewk¨Kfv‡e GKwU ivóªhš¿ Ab¨ GKwU ivóªhš¿ w`‡q cÖwZ¯’vwcZ nq| 1989G ivóªhš¿ ¯úk© Kiv nqwb ej‡jB P‡j| ivwkqv‡Z †mvwf‡qZ †mbvevwnbx, †KwRwe I AvgjvZš¿ Zv‡`i ¯^ ¯^ †¶‡Î AwawôZ wQj| †cvj¨v‡Û †mbvevwnbx cwieZ©b msea©‡b mnvqZv K‡ib| †Rbv‡ij BqviæRvjw¯‹ 1981Gi Afy¨Ìv‡bi ¯’cwZ wQ‡jb| wZwb mwjWvwiwUi  m‡½ †Mvj †Uwej ˆeV‡K Pzw³i Rb¨ Av‡jvPbv‡Z Ges Mazowiechis Gi †Kvqvwjkb miKvi MV‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib|

hw` GKwU cÖwZwecøe msNwUZ n‡Zv, hw` cyuwRev‡`i cybtcÖwZôv NU‡Zv, Zvn‡j GKwU kvmK †kªYx w`‡q  AciwUi mvgwMÖK cÖwZ¯’vcb nIqv DwPZ wQj| cwie‡Z© Avgiv j¶¨ Kijvg mgv‡Ri kx‡l© GKB e¨w³e‡M©i Ae¯’v‡bi avivevwnKZv| bvgN›U ZvwjKvi (Nomenklatura) m`m¨e„›` hviv ÔmgvRZš¿Õ Gi Aax‡b A_©bxwZ, mgvR I ivóª cwiPvjbv Ki‡Zb, ZvivB GKB KvR Ki‡Qb ÔevRviÕ Gi Aax‡b| gvBK nvBbm Gi LyeB fvj GKwU wbeÜ nj Ô‡kªYx I msKU: c~e© BD‡iv‡c iƒcvšÍiÕ, GB wbe‡Ü wZwb †j‡Lb:

GwU (ivóª) mdj n‡q‡Q AskZ Gi ¶gZvi cÖvwZôvwbK wfwˇK Ôivóªxq c‡KUÕ †_‡K Ôe¨w³MZ c‡KUÕ G ¯’vbvšÍi K‡i| GB cÖwµqv‡Z kvmK †kªYxi Af¨šÍ‡i wKQzUv DaŸ© cÖevwnZv Ges gv‡S g‡a¨ bZzb AvMš‘K †`Lv hvq| kvmK †kªYxi Af¨šÍ‡i wewfbœ †Mvôxi ga¨Kvi ¶gZvi fvimv‡g¨i cwieZ©b cwijw¶Z nq| †KD †KD `vex K‡ib †h †hwU wec`RbK Zv n‡jv cuywRev`x mgvR w`‡q Drcv`‡bi mgvRZvwš¿K ai‡Yi cÖwZ¯’vcb, GB `vexi wecix‡Z GiKg ‡Kv‡bv cÖgvY †`Lv hvq bv †h kvmK †kªYxi ˆewk‡ó¨ ‡Kv‡bv †gŠwjK cwieZ©b N‡U‡Q| †hwU we¯§vqK Zv n‡jv cÖK…Zc‡¶ KZ bMY¨ cwieZ©bB bv N‡U‡Q| Gi g¨v‡bRvi‡`i wbKU ivóªxq cÖwZôvb weµq A_ev wbqš¿Yvaxb †jvKR‡bi GKB ai‡Yi †Mvôxmn Gi cybtivóªxqKiY- Gi †_‡K K`vwPr †ewk mvgvwRK wecøe msMwVZ K‡i GKRb †Rbv‡ij‡K ewn¯‹vi Ges GKRb K‡b©j‡K c‡`vbœwZ `v‡b| eis GwU GB civgk© †`q †h †hwU SzwKi g‡a¨ Zv n‡jv Drcv`‡bi ai‡Yi g‡a¨ Af¨šÍwiY iƒcvšÍiY, GB `„óv‡šÍ Zv n‡jv cyuwRev‡`i iƒ‡ci Ae¯’vb cwieZ©b, A_©vr kw³kvjx ivóªxq cyuwRev` †_‡K AwaKZi wgkª ivóªxq I evRvi iƒcmg~‡ni g‡a¨|⁷⁴

wµm nvigvb mwVKfv‡e Dbœqb‡K cvwk¦©K w`‡K avweZ e‡j eY©bv K‡iwQ‡jb, Avi Zv n‡jv AvgjvZvwš¿K ivóªxq cyuwRev` †_‡K evRvi cyuwRev‡`i w`‡K|

PyovšÍfv‡e, hw` BDGmGmAvi I c~e© BD‡ivcxq †`k¸‡jv‡Z DËi-cyuwRev`x A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK web¨vm (economic and social order) _vK‡Zv, Zvn‡j Kxfv‡e GUv m¤¢e n‡jv Gi ‡fZi GKwU evRvi A_©bxwZ‡K ms‡hvRb? GKRb GKwU †jey MvQ‡K Kgjv Mv‡Q Kjg w`‡K cv‡i A_ev Gi wecixZwUI m¤¢e, KviY DfqB GKB mvBUªvm cwievi (family) f~³; GKRb Avjy MvQ‡K Kgjv Mv‡Q Kjg w`‡Z cv‡i bv| gvBK nvBbm ¯Ívwjbxq A_©bxwZ‡Z evRvi A_©bxwZi mdj ms‡hvRb (grafting) Gi eY©bv ‡`b:

GwU h_vh_fv‡e GB Kvi‡Y †h icvšÍiY (transition) Gi Dfq cvk¦©B GKB KvVv‡gvMZ ˆewkó¨vejx cÖ`k©b K‡i, Avgiv we‡kølY K‡i †`‡LwQ †h G‡Z GKUv gvÎvq (on the scale) e¨w³K myweavev` (opportunism) m¤¢e| Avgiv †KejgvÎ †kªYx-mgvR¸‡jvB †`LwQ‡b, eis Drcv`‡bi GKwU mvaviY ai‡Y †cÖvw_Z ‡kªbx-mgvR¸‡jv †`LwQ, †hLv‡b cwieZ©b¸‡jv msNwUZ n‡”Q Av‡aq (essence)-‡Z bq, Avavi (form) G| hw` GUv †evSv bv hvq, Z‡e GwU ‡evSv Am¤¢e †h Kxfv‡e Dc‡i Ae¯’vb cwieZ©‡bi bx‡P GKB gvbylRb, GKB cwievieM©, GKB mvgvwRK RvwjKv¸‡jv (networks) 1990Gi `k‡K Zv‡`i ‡mŠfv‡M¨i cvbxq cvb Ki‡Q, †hfv‡e Zviv 1980Gi `k‡K K‡iwQj| GUv mZ¨ †h hLb Zviv mvgvwRK Abyôvbvw`‡Z MvjMà Ki‡Zv, ZLb Zv‡`i Abycw¯’Z eÜzeM© m¤ú‡K© nVvr nVvr fvebvi D‡`ªK n‡Zv, wKš‘ Zviv AwaKZi mvgwMÖK `„wó nviv‡Zv bv, KviY iƒcvšÍiY m‡Ë¡I Zviv ZLb ch©šÍ Dc‡i Ae¯’vb Ki‡Q| Zv‡`i bx‡P GKB kªwgK ‡kªbx ZLb ch©šÍ Zv‡`i m¤ú`, myweavw` Ges AZx‡Z K…Z Zv‡`i A`¶Zvi ‡evSv enb Ki‡Q|⁷⁵

cyivZb web¨v‡mi mwZ¨Kvi fy³‡fvMx RbMY GLb bZzb web¨v‡mI fy³‡fvMx|⁷⁶

                  hw` c~e© BD‡iv‡c ivóªxq cyuwRev`x †iwR‡gi m¤cÖmviY AatcwZZ kªwgK †kªYxi iv‡óªi ZË¡‡K cÖkœwe× K‡i, Zvn‡j ¯Ívwjbxq ‡iwR‡gi aŸsm GB cÖkœwUi DËi †`q h_vh_fv‡e| Dfq †¶‡ÎB AvgjvZvwš¿K ivóªxq cyuwRev‡`i ZË¡ wb‡R‡K cÖ`k©b K‡i †UKmB weKí wn‡m‡e|

GKwU cðvrc` ‡`‡k kªwgK †kªYxi iv‡óªi Ici AvšÍR©vwZK cyuwRev‡`i Pv‡ci dj n‡jv iæk wecø‡ei AatcZb (degeneration) Ges ¯Ívwjbev‡`i DÌvb, GB we‡køl‡Y Îrw¯‹i KvR wQj GKwU AwfhvwÎK cÖ‡Póv| ¯Ívwj‡bi ÔGK †`‡k mgvRZš¿Õ GB gZev‡`i we‡ivaxZvq wZwb ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib| ¯Ívwjbev`x ‡iwR‡gi cÖwZ Zuvi cy•Lvbycy•LvwbK gvK©mev`x, HwZnvwmK e¯‘ev`x `„wófw½ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wQj AvgjvZvwš¿K ivóªxq cyuwRev‡`i Z‡Ë¡i weKv‡k| Zuvi wKQz e³e¨ cwinvi K‡i, Îrw¯‹ev‡`i AšÍwb©wnZ AwfcÖvq‡K mg_©b Kiv `iKvi|

Îrw¯‹i Ae¯’v‡bi Ici Avgvi mgv‡jvPbvi D‡Ïk¨ wQj aªæc`x gvK©mev‡` cÖZ¨veZ©b| we‡kl K‡i Îrw¯‹i cÖqv‡Yi ci HwZnvwmK weKvk cÖ`k©b K‡i †h ÔAacwZZ kªwgK †kªYxi iv‡óªÕi aviYv aªæc`x gvK©mev`x HwZ‡n¨i m‡½ msMwZc~Y© bq, hv‡Z mgvRZš¿‡K wPw‎ýZ Kiv nq kªwgK †kªYxi ¯^-gyw³ wn‡m‡e| ¯Ívwjbxq †iwR‡gi Ici Îrw¯‹i †jLv‡jwLi g~j wbwnZv_©  msi¶‡Y Zuvi iPbvejxi  Av¶wiK A_© ev` w`‡Z n‡e| BDGmGmAvi I c~e© BD‡iv‡c †gwK mgvRZ‡š¿i cZb my‡hvM ˆZix K‡i w`‡”Q †jwjb I Îrw¯‹i mwZ¨Kvi wecøex aviYvejx, A‡±vei wecø‡ei mwZ¨Kvi DËivwaKv‡ii cybivwe®‹vi|  Z_vKw_Z Ômvg¨ev‡`i cZbÕ m‡Ë¡I, Avgvi ivwkqvq ivóªxq cyuwRev` Gi DcmsnvwiK wee„wZ hLb wjwLZ n‡qwQj ZLbKvi gZb Zv GLbI mZ¨:

¯^-mg‡eZ (self-mobilised), mgvRZvwš¿K D‡Ïk¨vejx Ges †m¸‡jv AR©‡bi c×wZmg~‡ni cÖwZ m‡PZb RbMYB †KejgvÎ PzovšÍ Aa¨vqwU wjL‡Z cv‡i, wecøex gvK©mev`x cvwU©i †bZ…‡Z¡|

wek¦ cyuwRev`x e¨e¯’v‡K Gi m~‡Îi †gŠwjK KvVv‡gv wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i ¯Ívwjbxq †iwR‡gi ivóªxq cyuwRev`x msÁv Îrw¯‹i ¯’vqx wecø‡ei ZË¡‡K AbymiY K‡i:

. . . . ivwkqv‡K AvšÍR©vwZK A_©bxwZi g‡a¨ †`Lv n‡j cyuwRev‡`i †gŠwjK ˆewkó¨vejx eyS‡Z cviv hvq: Ôkª‡gi mvgvwRK wefv‡M ˆbivR¨ Ges KviLvbv¸‡jv‡Z (workshop)  ˆ¯^iZš¿ nÕj cvi¯úvwiK wbf©ikxj Ae¯’v . . . .|Õ⁷⁷

mvgwiK cÖwZ‡hvwMZv w`‡q KZ…©Z¡Kvix AvšÍR©vwZK ivóªxq e¨e¯’v n‡jv Gi ‰ewk¦K ‡cÖ¶vcU, hv‡Z ¯Ívwjbxq †iwRg‡K ¯’vcb K‡i GB ZË¡wU cyuwRev`x mÂq‡bi MwZ‡Z (dynamic) ivwkqvi kªwgK †kªYxi Aaxb¯’Zvi e¨vL¨v w`‡Z m¶g|

Aa¨vq wZb

¯’vqx A¯¿ A_©bxwZ

cvðv‡Z¨ wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i c‡i evRvi cyuwRev‡`i †ZRxfve †`Lv hvq| GUv wVK ‡g‡Ûj I Ms KZ©„K GLb ch©šÍ evisevi cybive„Z Îrw¯‹i fwel¨ØvYxi wecixZ NUbvB †`Lv hvq| GB Ø›Ø (contradiction) wbim‡bi cÖ‡Póv ¯’vqx A¯¿ A_©bxwZi Z‡Ë¡i m~Îe×Ki‡Yi w`‡K avweZ K‡i|

GwU Kxfv‡e NU‡jv Zv eyS‡Z Avgvi AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK cÖK…wZi w`‡K msw¶ß c`PviYv `iKvii| NUbv n‡jv GB †h Avwg wdwjw¯Í‡b ¯^vaxbfv‡e cÖvq wÎk R‡bi gZ m`m¨ wb‡q †QvÆ GKwU Îrw¯‹cš’x MÖæc M‡owQjvg aŸsm¯‘c †_‡K| wØZxq wek¦ hy‡×i ci AvšÍR©vwZK Îrw¯‹cš’x Av‡›`vjb †h wekvj Amyweavi m¤§yLxb nq Zvi weiæ‡× msMÖv‡g GwU wQj cÖ¯‘wZ| n¨vÝ wLªw÷qvb GÛvim‡bi mgªv‡Ui byZb Kvco M‡íi †QvÆ evjKwUi gZb Avwg wQjvg| bvrwmev` I ¯Ívwjbev‡`i Aax‡b eQ‡ii ci eQi AšÍiY I wb`viæY hš¿Yvi c‡i Îrw¯‹cš’xiv Av‡jŠwK‡K wek¦vm ¯’vc‡bi gvbwmK cÖ‡qvR‡b fyMwQj| ev¯Íe Ae¯’vi m¤§yLxb nIqv Av‡iv †e`bv`vqK wQj| Avgvi ivR‰bwZK weKvk weªwUk Îrw¯‹cš’x Av‡›`vj‡bi Ask wQj, hvi 1946G cÖvq Pvi‡kv m`m¨ wQj, Avwg m¤¢eZ Gi m‡½ Lvc LvIqv‡Z Pv‡ci g‡a¨ wQjvg| gZvÜev`xZv (dogmatism) †_‡K gyw³ †c‡Z GwU h‡_ó wQj bv †h Avwg gvK©m, G‡½jm, †jwbb, Îrw¯‹ I jy‡´gevM© c‡owQjvg| †g‡Ûj I cve‡jv gvK©mev`x mvwn‡Z¨ Avgvi †P‡q †Kvbfv‡eB EY Ávb m¤úbœ wQ‡jb bv| AZx‡Zi NUbvejx ch©‡e¶‡Y eyS‡Z cvwi weª‡U‡b wbtm½ wdwjw¯Íwb wn‡m‡e Avgvi GKwU ivR‰bwZK myweav wQj|

946G weª‡U‡b G‡m Jcwb‡ewkK †`‡ki †cÖ¶vc‡U Ae¯’vw` ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i, Avwg wb‡gœv³ NUbvejx w`‡q wew¯§Z nB:

. . . . kªwgK‡`i RxebhvÎvi gvb wQj DPz| hLb Avwg cÖ_‡g GKRb kªwg‡Ki evwo cwi`k©b Kwi, wVK GKwU mvaviY evwo, Avwg Zuvi KvR Kx wR‡Ám K‡i Rvb‡Z cvwi †h wZwb GKRb cÖ‡KŠkjx| Avgvi Bs‡iRx fvj wQj bv, myZivs Avwg g‡b Kijvg †h wZwb GKRb wWMÖxavix cÖ‡KŠkjx| wKš‘ wZwb wQ‡jb GKRb Avav-`¶ cÖ‡KŠkj kªwgK| GwU wQj GKwU we¯§qKi e¨vcvi| wkïiv 1930Gi `k‡Ki †P‡q fvj wQj| BD‡iv‡c †KejgvÎ GKevi RyZv Qvov wkï †`‡LwQjvg Wvewj‡b| Avi †Kv‡bv wkï‡`i wi‡KU †ivM n‡Zv bv| GwU Avgv‡K eyS‡Z mnvqZv Ki‡jv †h PzovšÍ msKU wVK ‡`vi †Mvovq bq|⁷⁸

`xN© †ZRxfve Ges fwel¨ØvYxi ga¨Kvi AmsMwZi †gvKv‡ejvq Îrw¯‹cš’x Av‡›`vj‡bi wKQz †jvKR‡bi mvgvb¨B Amyweav nq| Avmbœ cyuwRev`x wech©‡qi KvíwbK RM‡Z M¨vwi wnwj (Gerry Healy) emevm Ae¨vnZ †i‡LB P‡jwQ‡jb| ‡g‡Ûj memgq NUbvi †cQ‡b c‡o _v‡Kb Ges cyuwRev‡`i ‡K‡Rv (working) †KŠkj m¤ú‡K© A¯úó m~Îvejx e¨envi K‡ib| ¯úóKi‡Yi cwie‡Z© wZwb weåvwšÍ Qwo‡q †`b|⁷⁹GB wel‡q †g‡Ûj‡K P¨v‡jÄ Rvwb‡q cÖ_g weZvwK©K cÖeÜ wjwL Ges Zv cÖKvwkZ nq 1947G| hy‡×vËi A_©bxwZ cybiæ×v‡ii Aw¯ÍZ¡‡K †g‡Ûj A¯^xKviKi‡Yi †Póv K‡ib, GwU wQj Zvi weiæ‡× mgv‡jvPbv, wKš‘ Zvic‡iI GwU gvK©mxq A_©bxwZi hvwš¿K aviYv evwZ‡ji evB‡i hvqwb|⁸⁰

mvaviY Bmy¨i Kvh©Ki Dcjwä‡K ‡KejgvÎ Îrw¯‹i fwel¨ØvYxi e¨_©Zv w`‡q DÌvwcZ mgm¨vejx Rvc‡U ai‡jB P‡j bv| GwU‡K k¦vkZ cyuwRev`x †ZRxfv‡ei cqM¤^i‡`i †gvKv‡ejvI Ki‡Z nq, hviv hyw³ †`b †h e¨e¯’vwU DbœwZ Ki‡e hZ¶Y ch©šÍ †KBbwmq A_©‰bwZK cwjwmmg~n AbymiY Kiv n‡e|

wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i c‡i cy‡ivcywi Kg©ms¯’vb n‡jv GKwU mZ¨ NUbv, wKš‘ GwU‡K †KBbwmq cwjwmmg~‡ni dj e‡j g‡b Kiv n‡jv ‡gvi‡Mi Wv‡K m~‡hv©`q N‡U wek¦vm Kivi gZb GKwU e¨vcvi| 1928 †_‡K cieZ©x mg‡q Rb †gbvW© †KBbm hyw³ †`b †h miKv‡ii cÖv_wgK `vwqZ¡ n‡jv Avw_©K (fiscal) I gy`ªvbxwZ msµvšÍ (monetary) cwjwm¸‡jv‡K e¨envi Kiv hv‡Z GUv wbwðZ nq †h  A_©bxwZ‡Z h‡_ó Kvh©Ki Pvwn`v _v‡K m¤ú~Y© Kg©ms¯’vb eRvq ivL‡Z| 1936G †KBbm Zuvi aviYvejx‡K Av‡iv weKwkZ K‡ib Zuvi Kg©ms¯’vb, my` I A‡_©i mvaviY ZË¡ (General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money)  MÖ‡š’| wKš‘ ‡mB mgqKvi miKvi¸‡jv †Kv‡bv mg‡qB Zuvi Dc‡`kvejx ev¯Í‡e AbymiY K‡iwb| i¶Ykxj, kªwgK`‡ji miKviI bq, GgbwK RvZxq miKviI †KBb‡mi hzw³ MÖnY K‡iwb|         

hy‡×i Avwefv©‡e mewKQz cwieZ©b n‡q †Mj| †KBbm †hgbwU mycvwik K‡iwQ‡jb, ‡mfv‡e cyuwRcwZ †kªYx kvwšÍKvjxb mg‡q Rb-Kvh© (public works)G A_© e¨‡q Abyrmvnx wQ‡jb, ZvivB GLb mvgwiK Lv‡Z UvKv wQUv‡bvi e¨vcv‡i LyeB D`vi| GBfv‡e, D`vniY¯^iƒc, gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi cyuwRcwZMY `yB wewjq‡bi Dci †_‡K Pvi wewjqb Wjv‡ii evwl©K ev‡RU NvUwZi fvi †bqvi Rb¨ iæR‡f‡ëi Ici w¶ß wQ‡jb (1934, 3.6 wewjqb Wjvi; 1935, 3 wewjqb Wjvi; 1936, 4.3 wewjqb Wjvi; 1937, 2.7 wewjqb Wjvi)| wKš‘ 1941-42G 59 wewjqb Wjv‡ii ev‡RU NvUwZ‡Z Zviv wKQz g‡b K‡ibwb| GwU Am¤¢vebxq †h wnUjvi †KBb‡mi mvaviY ZË¡ c‡owQ‡jb, wKš‘ wZwb m¤ú~Y© Kg©ms¯’vb AR©b K‡iwQ‡jb wbhyZ wbhyZ gvbyl‡K †mbvevwnbx I A¯¿ wk‡í mg‡eZ K‡i| †Kgweª‡Ri A_©bxwZwe` bq, A¯¿ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvB cv_©K¨wU M‡o w`‡qwQj|

hv‡nvK, `yB `k‡K cÖ_g ev‡ii gZb m¤ú~Y© Kg©ms¯’vb PzovšÍfv‡e AwR©Z n‡j GB aviYvUv LyeB we¯Íw…Z jvf K‡i †h GwU‡K eRvq ivLv hv‡e †KejgvÎ ivóªxq Pvwn`v e¨e¯’vcbvi (state demand management) gva¨‡g| hy‡×vËi cÖR‡b¥i mKj ivR‰bwZK `‡ji †bZ…e„‡›`i wbKU †KBbm KZ…©K Dc¯’vwcZ gZev`wU m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c mZ¨ e‡j cÖZxqgvb nq|

GgbwK KwZcq cÖv³b gvK©mev`x wb‡R‡`i‡K †KBb‡mi Abymvix wn‡m‡e ‡NvlYv †`b| G‡`i g‡a¨ GKRb Rb ‡÷ªwP (John Strachey)| 1932-35G †÷ªwP wZbwU eB †j‡Lb: ¶gZvi Rb¨ Avmbœ msMÖvg (The Coming Struggle for Power), d¨vwmev‡`i ûgwK (The Menace of Facism) Ges cyuwRev`x msK‡Ui cÖK…wZ (The Nature of the Capitalist Crisis), GB MÖš’·q wZwb wb‡R‡K ‡Muvov gvK©mev`x iƒ‡c `vex K‡ib (hw`I wZwb cÖK…Zc‡¶ ¯Ívwjbev` w`‡q AwaK cÖfvweZ wQ‡jb)| 1940G †÷ªwP GKwU bZzb MÖš’ cÖKvk K‡ib, cÖMwZi Rb¨ Kg©m~Px (A Programme for Progress)| GwU hyw³ †`q †h, `xN© †gqv‡` cyuwRev‡`i fv½‡bi Rb¨ mgvRZš¿ n‡jv GKgvÎ cÖwZKvi, wKš‘ cyuwRev‡`i ms¯‹v‡ii Rb¨ ¯^í †gqv‡` `iKvi nÕj GKwU AšÍe©Z©xKvjxb Kg©m~Px, †hwU n‡e iæR‡f‡ëi bqv Kg©m~Pxi (New Deal) Abyiƒc| Zuvi Kg©m~Px‡Z QqwU cÖavb `vex AšÍf©y³ wQj: cvewjK G›UvicÖvB‡Ri m¤cÖmviY, FY cuywR‡Z ¯^í my‡`i nvi, ewa©Z mvgvwRK †mev LvZ, e¨w³MZ ch©v‡q Avw_©K fvZvw`, Ges cybe©w›UZ Kiv‡ivcY (redistributive taxation)| ZvQvov ivóª wbqwš¿Z e¨vsK e¨e¯’v Ges balance of paymentsGi K‡Vvi Rb- wbqš¿Y (strict public control) _vK‡Z n‡e|<sup>81</sup> GB Kg©m~Px GZUvB b~¨bZgev`x (minimalist) wQj hv‡Z K‡i Wvbcš’x Gš’wb µmj¨vÛ ej‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb, Ô1937G †jevi cvwU© KZ…©K cÖYxZ Kg©m~Pxi †_‡KI GwU wQj AZzjbxqiƒ‡c AwaKZi mv`vgvUvÕ|<sup>82</sup> Rb †÷ªwP gvK©‡mi wKQz we‡kølY‡K kª×v Ávcb Ae¨vnZ ‡i‡LwQ‡jb Ges mgvR‡K AwfwnZ Ki‡Zb ÔcyuwRev`xÕ wn‡m‡e| wKš‘ GLb wZwb Dcmsnvi Uv‡bb †h †eKviZ¡ Ges msKU n‡jv AZx‡Zi welqe¯‘| wZwb e‡jb, MYZš¿ Ges †KBbm KZ…©K Avwe®K…Z miKv‡ii A_©‰bwZK n¯Í‡¶‡ci †UKwbK¸‡jvi Zvrch© n‡jv GB †h GLb cyuwRev` cwiKwíZ|

µmj¨vÛI †KBbwmq c×wZ‡Z ms¯‹viK…Z cyuwRev` m¤ú‡K© Kvwe¨Kfv‡e LyeB Drmvnx| Zuvi MÖš’ mgvRZ‡š¿i fwel¨r (The Future of Socialism) 1956†Z cÖKvwkZ nq, GB MÖ‡š’ wZwb hyw³ †`b †h cyuwRev‡`i ˆbivR¨ Acm„Z n‡”Q, Ges myZivs †kªYx msNl©mg~nI Acm„Z n‡”Q| e¨e¯’vwU Av‡iv AwaKZifv‡e †hŠw³K (rational) I MYZvwš¿K n‡”Q| cyuwRev` wb‡RB kvwšÍc~Y©fv‡e Acm„Z n‡e| µmj¨v‡Ûi AwfgZ Abymv‡i, gvbweK cÖ‡qvRb †gUv‡bvi cwie‡Z© Drcv`b eis gybvdv evbv‡bvi Rb¨ DrmM©xK…Z, GB mg¯ÍB ‡Kewj cy‡iv`¯‘i Av‡Rev‡R K_v| Ôe¨w³MZ wkí-KviLvbv Ae‡k‡l gvbvweKxK…Z n‡”QÕ|⁸³ GKwU ÔkvwšÍc~Y© wecøeÕ ïiæ n‡q‡Q hv‡Z †kªYx msNl© AwPšÍbxq: ÔAvR †KD BDwbq‡bi weiæ‡× miKvi I wb‡qvMKZ©v‡`i D‡Ïk¨cÖ‡Yvw`Z AvµgYvZ¥K †Rv‡Ui K_v wPšÍv Ki‡Z c‡ibv,Õ µmj¨vÛ ‡j‡Lb|⁸⁴ ÔAvgiv, weª‡U‡b, MY-cÖvPz‡h©i ØvicÖv‡šÍ `uvwo‡qÕ|⁸⁵

GLb †KBbmev` wbðqZv w`‡”Q euvavnxb cÖe„w×i, µmj¨vÛ e‡jb, ivóª D”P Ki ivR‡¯^i w`‡K bRi w`‡Z cv‡i hv mvgvwRK ms¯‹vimg~n Ges mvgvwRK Kj¨vY cwiKíbv‡Z A_© †hvMv‡Z cv‡i| mgvRZš¿x‡`i A_©‰bwZK Bm¨ymg~n †_‡K Zuv‡`i g‡bv‡hvM Ab¨Î mwi‡q †bqv DwPZ| wKš‘ wK‡m?

. . . Avgiv Avgv‡`i g‡bv‡hvM ewa©Zfv‡e wbe× Ki‡ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv wKQz‡Z Ges, †kl ch©šÍ, AwaKZi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †¶Î¸‡jv‡Z Ñ e¨vw³K ¯^vaxbZv, myL, Ges mvs¯‹…wZK cÖ‡Póv, Aemi hvcb (cultivation of leisure), †mŠ›`h©, AbyMÖn (grace), cÖnl© (gaiety), Avb›` (excitement). . . . .AwaKZi D¤§y³  K¨v‡d, iv‡Z AwaKZi D¾j I D”Qj ivRc_, Rb-febmg~‡ni (public houses) Rb¨ †`ix‡Z e‡Üi mgq (later closing hours), AwaK msL¨K ¯’vbxq ˆewPÎgq w_‡qUvimg~n (repertory theatres), AwaK msL¨K fv‡jv AwZw_ermj †nv‡Uj gvwjK I †i÷z‡i›U gvwjK. . . .Rb-¯’vb¸‡jv‡Z AwaK msL¨K gy¨ivj I wPÎ, AvmevecÎ I g„rwkí Ges †g‡q‡`i †cvlv‡Ki Rb¨ AwaKZi DrKl©gq bKkv, bZzb Avevmb G‡÷U¸‡jvi †K‡›`ª g~wZ©mg~n, fvj bKkvK…Z ivRc‡_i evwZmg~n Ges †Uwj‡dvb wKI¯‹, Ges BZ¨vw` Av‡iv A‡bK wKQz|⁸⁶

hw` hy‡×vËi †ZRxfv‡ei Zvr¶wYK kZ©evjx w`‡q †g‡Ûj I wnwj åvšÍ e‡j cÖZxqgvb nb, Z‡e ‡KBbwmqcš’xMY I cyuwRev‡`i Ab¨vb¨ mvdvB MvB‡qe„›` `xN© †gqv‡` åvšÍ e‡j cÖwZcbœ nb ewa©Z gvÎvq Mfxi I Awbqwš¿Yxq msKUvejx w`‡q, †h¸‡jv 1970Gi `kK †_‡KB cwðgv cyuwRev`‡K fvwm‡q wb‡q †M‡Q|

¯’vqx A¯¿ A_©bxwZ Dfq Ae¯’vbmg~‡ni duv` cwinvi K‡i| GwU †e‡o D‡V ivóªxq cyuwRev‡`i Z‡Ë¡i weKvk †_‡K| cwðgv cyuwRev‡` hy‡×vËi †ZRxfv‡ei Dcjwäi RU Lyj‡Z ivwkqv‡K ‡evSv ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| †KbB ev GUv ¸iæZ¡c~Y©?

ivóªxq cyuwRev‡`i ZË¡ ivwkqv I cwðgv cyuwRev`x ‡`kmg~‡ni ga¨Kvi cÖwZ‡hvwMZv‡K wPw‎ýZ K‡i cÖavb †KŠkj wn‡m‡e, †hwU ivwkqv‡Z cyuwRi mÂq‡bi MwZ †Rvi`vi K‡i| ivwkqv‡Z A¯¿ Drcv`bI e¨vL¨v K‡i †Kb GUv †ZRxfve I g›`vi Pµ †_‡K `y‡f©vM †cvnvq bv| wecixZUvI mZ¨ Ñ ‡jŠn hewbKvi Aci cv‡k¦© GgbwK hy× †kl nIqv m‡Ë¡I mvgwiK e¨q DPz gvÎvq we`¨gvb wQj|

1948Gi `wjj Ô¯Ívwjwbq ivwkqvi †kªYx PwiÎÕG GKwU Aa¨vq Av‡Q hvi wk‡ivbvg ÔaŸs‡mi Dcv‡qi Drcv`b I cwi‡fvMÕ| A¯¿ Drcv`‡bi GKwU A™¢~Z ˆewkó¨ Av‡Q| GwU bZzb Drcv`b Dcv‡qi †hvMvb †`q bv (cyuwR‡Z  gvK©‡mi cwifvlv Abymv‡i wefvM 1), A_ev kªwgK‡kªYxi cwi‡fv‡M †Kv‡bv Ae`vb iv‡L bv (wefvM 2K)| myZivs, A¯¿ wkí-KviLvbvi Drcbœ cY¨vw` cybiærcv`b cÖwµqv‡Z cybtcÖZ¨veZ©b (feed back) K‡i bv| GwU GKwU Abyrcv`bkxj †fv‡Mi iƒc, hv cyuwRcwZ †kªYxi wb‡R‡`i wejvm`ªe¨vw`i †fv‡Mi Abyiƒc (wefvM 2L A_ev 3)|⁸⁷

A¯¿ Drcv`b n‡”Q ÔcyuwRcwZ ‡kªYxi †hŠ_ cwi‡fvMÕ, GwU wbðqZv ‡`q †h GB †kªYxwU mvgwiK m¤cÖvmi‡Yi gva¨‡g ÔbZzb cuywR, mÂq‡bi bZzb m¤¢vebvmg~n cv‡eÕ| mÂq‡bi bqv m¤¢vebvmg~n AR©‡bi mvg_© cuywRcwZ †kªbxi Ab¨vb¨ cwi‡fvM †_‡K ÔaŸs‡mi Dcv‡qi Drcv`b I cwi‡fvMÕ‡K c„_KvwqZ K‡i|

Ô¯Ívwjbxq ivwkqvi †kªYx PwiÎÕ wbe‡Ü †`Lv‡bv n‡qwQj †h A¯¿ Drcv`‡bi ¯’vwqZ¡g~jK ˆewkó¨ e¨vL¨v K‡i †h iæk ivóªxq cyuwRev‡` †Kb evRvi A_©bxwZi †ZRxfve I g›`vi aªæc`x P‡µi AwfÁZv cwijw¶Z nq bv|<sup>88</sup> Dc‡iv³ we‡kølY n‡jv ¯’vqx A¯¿ A_©bxwZi Z‡Ë¡i m‡½ †mZz-eÜb, †hwU evRvi cyuwRev`x †`kmg~‡ni A_©‰bwZK m¤cÖmvi‡Y mvgwiK e¨‡qi Ici ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc K‡i|

‡g, 1957G hyw³mg~n Av‡iv mywbw`©óvwqZ nq Ô¯’vqx hy× A_©bxwZi Rb¨ mwVK †cÖ¶vcUÕ wk‡ivbv‡gi wbe‡Ü| GwU‡Z ¯Ívwjbxq ivwkqvi A_©‰bwZK MwZ‡Z mvgwiK e¨‡qi djvdj Ges cvðvZ¨ I Rvcv‡bi cyuwRev‡` mvgwiK e¨‡qi djvd‡ji Ici bRi †`qv nq|<sup>89</sup> A¯¿ e¨‡qi cÖfve‡K `yN©Ubv wn‡m‡e †`Lv nq bv| mgv‡Ri A_©‰bwZK ¯Íi, Gi Drcvw`Kv kw³mg~n †h ¯Í‡i †cŠu‡Q‡Q, ZvB n‡jv ‡mbvevwnbxi msMV‡b wm×vwšÍK wbqvgK| gvK©m †hgbwU e‡jwQ‡jb, ÔAvgv‡`i ZË¡ n‡jv GB †h kª‡gi msMVb kZ©vwqZ nq Drcv`‡bi Dcvq w`‡q, GwU g‡b nq ÒgvbweK nZ¨v wkíÓ Gi gZb Avi †Kv_vI PgrKvifv‡e cÖwZfvZ nqwb|Õ

cyuwRev‡`i cÖv_wgK mg‡q A_©bxwZi cðvrc`ZvB Am¤¢e K‡i Zz‡jwQj e„n`vqZb ‡mbvevwnbxi cwicvjb I mk¯¿KiY| cÖ_g I wØZxq wek¦hy‡× wb‡qvwRZ †mbvevwnbxmg~‡ni Zzjbvq cÖ_g w`‡Ki D`xqgvb cyuwRev‡`i †mbvevwnbxmg~n wQj ¶z`ªvqZ‡bi| GgbwK †b‡cvwjqbxq hy×mg~‡ni mg‡q, d«vÝ, ev¯ÍweKfv‡e mgMÖ BD‡iv‡ci kvmK †kªYxi †Kv‡bv mg‡qB Aa© wbhy‡Zi Ici ˆmb¨ wQj bv| H mg‡q weªwUk †mbvevwnbxi AvqZb wQj divwm †mbvevwnbxi GK-`kgvsk| ‡dª‡WwiK w` †MÖU AvVv‡iv kZ‡Ki hy×mg~n m¤ú‡K© †NvlYv †`b, ÔkvwšÍKvgx bvMwiK †hb j¶¨ bv K‡i †h †`k hy‡× wbiZÕ|<sup>90</sup> GgbwU Ewbk kZ‡Ki hy×mg~‡ni mg‡q, †b‡cvwjqbxq hy×mg~n, Avwdg hy×mg~n, wµwgq hy× BZ¨vw`‡Z hy×iZ RvwZmg~‡ni Rxeb mvgwMÖKfv‡e K`vwPr cÖfvweZ n‡qwQj|       

1914 Ñ µvwšÍ mgq

cÖ_g wek¦hy‡×i m‡½ m‡½ GB mewKQzB cwieZ©b n‡q †Mj| ZLb d«v‡Ýi RbmsL¨v †b‡cvwj‡qvwbq mg‡qi †P‡q gvÎ `k wgwjqb †ekx wQj (wÎk wgwjq‡bi wecix‡Z Pwjøk wgwjqb), wKš‘ †`kwU cvuP wgwjqb ˆmb¨ mg‡eZ K‡iwQj| Ab¨vb¨ hy×iZ †`k¸‡jvI GKBfv‡e ‰mb¨ msL¨v e„w× K‡iwQj| †mbvevwnbxi cÖPÛ AvqZb e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ mvgwiK cÖhyw³‡Z Af~Zc~e© e¨q e„w× ‡`Lv hvq| GB welq¸‡jv GK‡Î GKwU cwieZ©b Av‡b mvgwMÖK RvZxq A_©bxwZ‡Z mvgwiK Lv‡Zi f~wgKv‡Z|

hy×-‡mevq RbmsL¨vi GKwU Zvrch©c~Y© Ask wb‡qvwRZ _vKv‡Z Ges A_©bxwZi GKwU e„n`vsk wewb‡qvMK…Z _vKvq, †KejgvÎ hy‡× RwoZ ‰mb¨MYB bq, m‡½ m‡½ wkí kªwgK, K…wl kªwgK I K…lK-RbZv BZ¨vw`i wbhyZ wbhyZ msL¨vi Ici, cÖK…Z c‡¶, mgMÖ †emvgwiK RbM‡Yi Ici GwUi cÖfve Abyf~Z nq|

cÖ_g wek¦hy‡×i c~‡e©, hw`I mvgªvR¨ev`x kw³eM© hy‡×i Rb¨ wKQzUv ch©vq ch©šÍ cÖ¯‘Z wQj, wKš‘ A_©bxwZ K`vwPr A¯¿ Drcv`‡bi Ici wbf©ikxj wQj| bvbv ai‡Yi hy‡×i ci GUv cÖK…Zc‡¶ ïiæ nq †h e›`yK A_ev gvLbÑ GB ai‡Yi wecixZg~Lx Ae¯’vi m‡½ †c‡i DV‡Z kvmK †kªYx wm×všÍ †bq|

myZivs, hy× A_ev hy‡×i Rb¨ cÖ¯‘wZi w`‡K h‡_ó bRi bv w`‡qI, 1914 ch©šÍ cyuwRev‡`i we‡kølY m¤¢e wQj, †h‡nZz †m¸‡jv A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b ‡MŠY f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Zv| cÖ_g wek¦ hy‡×i wVK c‡iB A_©bxwZi mvgwiK Lv‡Zi ¸iæZ¡ Avevi n«vm cvq| ‡mbvevwnbxi AvqZb e¨vcK gvÎvq n«vm Kiv nq, A¯¿ Drcv`b †Rviv‡jvfv‡e KuvU-QvU Kiv nq|

hv‡nvK, 1930Gi `k‡Ki gnvg›`v Ges wnUjv‡ii ¶gZvq Av‡ivn‡Yi ‡cQ‡b †cQ‡b BwZnv‡m cÖ_gev‡ii gZb kvwšÍc~Y© mg‡q ¶gZvkvjx mvgwiK LvZ `„k¨gvb nq| 1939 I 1944Gi g‡a¨ hy‡×vcKi‡Yi Drcv`b Rvgv©wb‡Z cuvP ¸Y, Rvcv‡b `k ¸Y, weª‡U‡b cuwPk ¸Y Ges gvwK©b hy³iv‡óª cÂvk ¸Y e„w× cvq|⁹¹               

hy× A_©bxwZ

	Rvgv©bx (wewjqb gvK©)		weª‡Ub (wgwjqb cvDÛ)		gvwK©b hy³ivóª (wgwjqb Wjvi)
	1939	1943	1938	1943	1939-1940	1944-1945
miKvix e¨q**(GE)	60.0*	100.0*	1.0	5.8	16.0	95.3
RvZxq Avq (NI)	88.0*	125.0*	5.2	9.5	88.6*	186.6*
GE/NI	68%	80%	19.2%	61.1%	18%	51%

*Abygvbg~jK wPÎ

** cÖavbZ A¯¿ e¨q

Ab¨w`‡K cÖ_g wek¦hy‡×i c‡i cÖvq †`o `kK e¨vcx †Kvb AMÖmi †`‡k Av‡cw¶Kfv‡e †Kv‡bv e„n`vqZ‡bi hy× LvZ wQj bv, wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i c‡i GiKg †Kv‡bv weiwZ wQj bv| GB hy× †kl nIqvi ci ciB A¯¿ cÖwZ‡hvwMZv Avevi ïiæ nq|

A¯¿, †ZRxfve I g›`v

c~‡e©, GK kZ‡KiI †ekx mg‡qi Rb¨, cyuwRev`‡K DbœwZ Ges g›`vi Qvw›`K P‡µi †fZi w`‡q †h‡Z n‡qwQj| g›`v †`Lv w`Z †gvUvgywU wbqwgZfv‡e cÖwZ `k eQ‡i| wKš‘ ¯’vqx A¯¿ A_©bxwZi Af¨vMg †_‡K PµwU †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bvfv‡e †f‡½  c‡o| GwU Kxfv‡e msNwUZ n‡qwQj eyS‡Z RvZxq A_©bxwZi Kg-†ekx kZKiv `k fvM mvgwiK LvZ Kxfv‡e mvwe©K g›`v‡K cÖwZnZ Ki‡Z cv‡i eyS‡Z n‡j, cÖ_‡g msw¶ßfv‡e  aªæc`x cyuwRev‡`i Aax‡b g›`vi KviYmg~‡ni mvi-ms‡¶c Ki‡Z n‡e|

AwZDrcv`‡bi cyuwRev`x msKUmg~‡ni †gŠwjK KviY n‡jv wkí-KviLvbvi Drcv`b ¶gZvi Zzjbvq RbM‡Yi Av‡cw¶K wbgœ µq ¶gZv| gvK©m †hgbwU e‡jb:

Drcvw`Kv kw³mg~‡ni Dbœq‡b cyuwRev`x Drcv`‡bi cÖ‡Yv`bvi wecix‡Z, memgq cÖK…Z msKUmg~‡ni Rb¨ PzovšÍ KviY n‡jv `vwi`¨ª Ges RbM‡Yi mxwgZ cwi‡fvM| hw`I †KejgvÎ mgv‡Ri Pig cwi‡fv‡Mi ¶gZv Zv‡`i mxgve×Zvmg~n ˆZix K‡i|⁹²

PzovšÍ we‡køl‡Y, cyuwRev`x msK‡Ui KviY n‡jv GB †h mgv‡Ri Av‡qi wmsn fvM cyuwRcwZ †kªYxi nv‡Z Rgv nq, Ges Gi wmsn fvM cwi‡fv‡Mi Dcvq µ‡qi cwie‡Z© Drcv`‡bi Dcvq µ‡q e¨q nq, A_v©r GwU cyuwRi mÂq‡bi w`‡K avweZ, RvZxq Av‡qi As‡k Av‡cw¶K e„w× cwi‡fv‡Mi w`‡K avweZ As‡ki Zyjbvq, AwZ-Drcv`‡bi w`‡K cwiPvwjZ nq, GwU Ggb GKwU Ae¯’v hv‡Z ˆZixK…Z `ªe¨vw` weµq nqbv, †fv³v‡`i ‡m¸‡jv µ‡qi Rb¨ †Kvb Dcvq _v‡K bv|

GwU GKwU µgea©gvb cÖwµqv| mÂqb e„w×i mn‡hvMx nj Kj-KviLvbvi cybM©Vb Ges cÖvhyw³K Avwe®‹vi, Gi d‡j †kvl‡Yi ewa©Z gvÎv †`Lv hvq| †kvl‡Yi gvÎv hZ Mfxi nq, kªwgK †kªYxi gRyix Ges cyuwRcwZ †kªYxi ivR‡¯^i Zzjbvq mÂq‡bi ZnwejI Mfxi nq| mÂqb mÂq‡bi Rb¥ †`q|

A¯¿ ev‡R‡Ui cÖwZwµqv

hy‡×i c‡i wekvj mvgwiK e¨q msK‡Ui cÖeYZvq cÖfve †d‡j| eZ©gv‡b A¯¿ A_©bxwZi wekvj cÖfve we`¨gvb RbM‡Yi µq ¶gZvi ¯Í‡i, cÖK…Z cyuwR mÂq‡bi ¯Í‡i, Ges evRvi A‡š^l‡Y cY¨`ª‡e¨i cwigv‡Y |

hvK †Kvb GK †`‡k PvKzwi A‡š^lY Ki‡Q GK wbhyZ gvbyl, Ges Zv‡`i ga¨ †_‡K kZKiv `k Rb A_©vr 100,000 Rb miKvi KZ©„K wb‡qvM †cj A¯¿-wbg©vY KviLvbv‡Z| Zv‡`i µq-¶gZv Ab¨ †Kvb RvqMvq Av‡iv AwaK gvbylR‡bi Kg©-ms¯’vb K‡i| †KBbm cÖ_g MÖæ‡ci AvKvi I wØZxq MÖæ‡ci AvKv‡ii g‡a¨Kvi mvswL¨K m¤úK©‡K ‘multiplier’ e‡j AwfwnZ K‡ib| msw¶ßZvi Rb¨ GB c`wU‡K mv_©Kfv‡e avi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i, Ges hw` multiplier `yB nq Z‡e ivóª KZ©„K 100,000 Rb kªwg‡Ki Kg©¯’v‡b 200,000 R‡bi mvaviY Kg©-ms¯’vb e„w× cvq| hw` wZb nq, Zvn‡j e„w× n‡e 300,000 Rb Ges BZ¨vw` BZ¨vw`| myZivs †Kv‡bv m‡›`n †bB †h RvZxq Av‡qi kZKiv `k fvM A¯¿ ev‡R‡U wewb‡qv‡Mi µgea©gvb djvdj (cumulative effect) RbM‡Yi µq ¶gZv e„wׇZ Gi cwigv‡Yi AbycvZ‡KI m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c Qvwo‡q †h‡Z cv‡i|

Avevi, hLb RvZxq Av‡qi kZKiv `k fvM A¯¿Lv‡Z hvq, ZLb kvwšÍc~Y© mg‡qi Drcv`‡b wewb‡qvMK…Z cyuwRi Drmvejx gvivZ¥Kfv‡e KvUQvU Kiv nq: Avgv‡`i D`vni‡Y, RvZxq Av‡qi kZKiv wek fvM †_‡K kZKiv `k fvM| A¯¿, †mbv †cvlvK, e¨vivK cÖf„wZi Rb¨ bqv ivóªxq Pvwn`vmn, RbM‡Yi ewa©òz µq ¶gZv weµ‡qi AwaKZi my‡hvM K‡i †`q Ges AwZ-Drcv`‡bi msKUvejx‡K †VwK‡q iv‡L|

AwaKš‘, GKwU hy× A_©bxwZ ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB †emvgwiK †µZv‡`i Rb¨ AmvgwiK `ªe¨vw`i mieivn e„w×i nv‡i GKwU wekvj cÖfve †d‡j| c~Y© Kg©ms¯’vb †KejgvÎ gRywi †fvMx gvby‡li mvwe©K msL¨vB e„w× K‡i bv, GwU kªg evRv‡i AuvUkuvU (tightness) Ae¯’vi KviY NUvq, hv DPPZi gRywi AR©‡b kªwgK‡`i mvg_©¨ †hvMvq| AvcvZ ¯^we‡ivax n‡jI, GwU gybvdv e„w×i m¤¢vebv‡K A¯^xKvi K‡i bv: Ab¨ Ae¯’v †_‡K cyuwR AwaKZi c~Y©fv‡e KvR Ki‡Q; Ajm ¶gZv (idle capacity) A_ev ¶wZ‡Z wb‡qvwRZ cyuwRi KgB we`¨gvb Av‡Q| Gi †jb‡`b e„nËi| GBfv‡e, D`nviY¯^iƒc D‡jøL Kiv hvq †h, 1937-42 Gi eQi¸‡jv‡Z gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi wkíKviLvbv¸‡jv‡Z me©‡gvU gRywi e„w× †c‡qwQj kZKiv 70 fvM, gybvdv e„w× †c‡qwQj kZKiv 400 fvM!

mgv‡R e„n`vqZ‡bi Drcvw`Kv kw³i Dcw¯’wZ‡Z, hy‡×vcKi‡Y e¨q e„w× cÖ‡qvRbMZfv‡e †emvgwiK cwi‡fv‡Mi nªvm NUvq wb, eis Zvi wecixZUvB N‡UwQj| GwU my¯úófv‡e wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i mg‡q c„w_exi me‡P‡q abx ‡`k gvwK©b hy³iv‡óª †`Lv wM‡qwQj| 1943G gvwK©b hy³ivóª hy‡× 83.7 wewjqb Wjv‡ii wekvj AsK e¨q Ki‡jI, †emvgwiK cwi‡fvM n«vm cvqwb, eis hy× c~e©ve¯’vi †_‡K cÖK…Zc‡¶ †ekx wQj| GwU 1939Gi 61.7 wewjqb Wjvi †_‡K †e‡o 1943G `vovq 70.8 wewjqb Wjvi (1939Gi g~j¨ m~P‡K cÖKvwkZ)| GB e„w× wQj kZKiv 14.7|

¯’vqx A¯¿ A_©bxwZi ZË¡ †`Lvq †h †Kb Îrw¯‹i fwel¨ØvYx cÖgvwYZ nqwb| wKš‘ GwU Zvi †_‡KI †ekx K‡iwQj| GwU †`wL‡qwQj †h wbqwK¬q †evgvi †gvPvi kx‡l© A_©‰bwZK DbœwZ ¯’vqx I wbivc` n‡Z cv‡i bv| GgbwK hLb wek¦ cyuwRZš¿ mg„× wQj, ZLbI mvgwiK e¨qfv‡ii d‡j, mKj †`kB GKB fv‡e D”P mvgwiK ev‡R‡Ui †evSv enb Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| hviv mvgvb¨ e¨q K‡iwQj, Zviv jvfevb n‡qwQj Gi mvgwiK e¨‡qi wecixZ Abycv‡Z| ivwkqvi Ici 1948Gi `wj‡j hyw³ ‡`qv n‡qwQj †h mvaviYfv‡e cyuwRZš¿ †KejgvÎ A¯’vqx w¯’wZkxjZvi AwfÁZv jvf KiwQj| GwU‡Z ejv n‡qwQj:

. . . wek¦evRv‡i kw³¸‡jv LyeB Zxeªfv‡e cÖwZ‡hvwMZv Ki‡Z cv‡i hv‡Z, cÖ‡Z¨‡K mvgwiK e¨q KvUQvU Ki‡Z cv‡i Zvi Ae¯’vb kw³kvjxKi‡Y| Avgiv eZ©gv‡b cÖZ¨¶ KiwQ Rvgv©wbi m‡½ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi gva¨‡g, Ges Zvi AvšÍR©vwZK e¨vjvÝ Ae †c‡g›U‡mi AebwZi Rb¨, weª‡Ub eva¨ n‡”Q  Zvi ÔcÖwZi¶v ev‡RUÕ KvUQvU Ki‡Z| GLb ch©šÍ †Kv‡bv †`kB gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi mgK¶ n‡Z mg_© nqwb, Zv‡K eva¨ Ki‡Z cv‡iwb A¯¿ cÖwZ‡hvwMZv cwiZ¨vMKi‡Y Ges cÖwZ‡hvwMZv ïiæ Ki‡Z cv‡iwb Ô‡K mvgwiK ev‡RU `ªæZZg MwZ‡Z msKzwPZ Ki‡eÕ| Zvi `ywbqv‡Z e„nËg mvgwiK ev‡R‡Ui  Ges wk‡í e„nËg I wbiæ¼zk wewb‡qv‡Mi mvg_© i‡q‡Q|⁹³

hw`I `wjjwU Abygvb K‡i ‡h A¯¿ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi Amg †evSv Aw¯’wZkxjZvi w`‡K avweZ Ki‡e, wKš‘ fyjfv‡e GwU †`Lvq †h ivwkqv n‡e weRqx:

. . . iæk wk‡íi wekvj AMÖhvÎvq, GwU m¤¢e †h Avi `k ev wek eQ‡i †m gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi wk‡íi Pig gvÎvq bv †cuŠQv‡jI, Kgc‡¶ wek¦ evRv‡i wKQz †¶‡Î we‡klZ fvix wk‡í gvwK©b hy³ivóª‡K P¨v‡jÄ Ki‡Z cvi‡e| ZLb wek¦ evRv‡i civRq †VKv‡Z gvwK©b hy³ivóª . . . cÖwZi¶v ev‡RU n«vm Ki‡Z cv‡i|⁹⁴

Zvic‡iI †gŠwjK hyw³ mwVK wQj:

AwZ-Drcv`‡bi Dckg, cyuwRev`x DbœwZi myw¯’wZKviK wn‡m‡e hy× A_©bxwZ Lye KgB †mev Ki‡Z cv‡i| hLb hy× A_©bxwZ e¨qeûj n‡q hvq, ZLb cyuwRev`x †ZRxfv‡ei g„Zz¨N›Uv wbwðZB evR‡e|⁹⁵

cÖK…Zc‡¶ GwU ivwkqv bq †h gvwK©b hy³ivóª‡K Gi mvgwiK ev‡RU nªv‡m eva¨ K‡iwQj, eis cÖv_wgKfv‡e cwðg Rvg©vwb I RvcvbB eva¨ K‡iwQj, GB `ywU †`‡ki wekvj †mbvevwnbx cwi‡cvlY wb‡la wQj, KviY Zviv hy‡× civRq eiY K‡iwQj| Zv m‡Ë¡I, mvgwiK e¨‡qi gva¨‡g evRvi cyuwRev‡`i A¯’vqx myw¯’wZKiY LyeB A¯’vqx, Ô¯Ívwjwbq ivwkqvi †kªYx PwiÎÕ cy¯ÍKwUi GB fwel¨ØvYx mwVK wQj| ev¯ÍweKB, Drcv`bkxj wewb‡qvM †_‡K DØ„Ë g~j¨ mwi‡q w`‡q GwU g›`v cÖwZ‡iv‡a cÖeYZv †`Lvq ¯’weiZvi w`‡K `xN© †gqvw` cÖeYZvi g~‡j¨| mvgwiK e¨‡qi D”P ¯Íimn H A_©bxwZmg~n wb‡R‡`i †`L‡Z cvq GKwU cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK Amyweavq Ges †emvgwiK wkíKviLvbvq wewb‡qv‡Mi Ask e„w×Ki‡Y eva¨ nq| GwU aªæc`x e¨emvq P‡µi cÖeYZvmg~‡ni Aby‡gv`b †`q Zv‡`i cybivq AvZ¥wek¦vm cÖ`k©‡b|⁹⁶

GKw`‡K gvwK©b hy³ivóª Ges Ab¨w`‡K Rvcvb I cwðg Rvg©vwb Gi ga¨Kvi µgewa©òz ˆewiZv Zx¶èZi nq mvgwiK e¨‡qi Amg e›U‡b, GwU A_©bxwZi Aw¯’wZkxjZvi w`‡K avweZ K‡i Ges ˆewk¦K g›`vi cÖZ¨veZ©b NUvq| K‡qK eQi c‡i wek¦ A_©bxwZ n«vm cv‡e, GB fwel¨ØvYxwU m‡Z¨ cwiYZ n‡q‡Q: wek¦Drcv`b †hwU evwl©K 5.4% nv‡i e„w× ‡c‡qwQj 1950-63Gi eQi¸‡jv‡Z, Ges 1963-73 Gi mg‡q 6%, 2.6%G  n«vm †c‡qwQj 1973-90 Gi eQi¸‡jv‡Z, Ges 1990-96 Gi eQi¸‡jv‡Z 1.4%|⁹⁷

Rvcvb A_ev cwðg Rvg©vwb A‡c¶v gvwK©b hy³ivóª A¯¿ Lv‡Z Gi RvZxq Av‡qi GKwU AwaKZi e„nËi Ask e¨q K‡i| Rvcvb KL‡bv Gi RvZxq Av‡qi 1% Gi †ekx cÖwZi¶v Lv‡Z e¨q K‡iwb| d‡j Rvcvb AwaKZi cyuwR mÂq‡b mg_© nq Ges Gi d¨v±wi¸‡jvi cybthš¿vq‡b wkí-KviLvbvq AwaK wewb‡qvM K‡i| djvdj n‡jv GB †h Rvcvwbq Mvwo wkí Lye `ªæZ MwZ‡Z e„w× ‡c‡Z _v‡K| Rvcvwbq RvnvRwbgv©b wkí weªwUk wkí‡K cÖwZ¯’vwcZ K‡i `ywbqv‡Z cÖ_g ¯’vbwU `Lj K‡i, Ges B‡jKUªwbKm wk‡í Rvcvb Rvgv©wb‡KI AwZµg K‡iwQj, †hwU G hveZ ch©šÍ cª_g ¯’vb a‡i ‡i‡LwQj, BZ¨vw`, BZ¨vw`|

wf‡qZbvg hy× Rvg©vwb I Rvcv‡bi mv‡c‡¶ gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi wk‡íi cðvrc`Zv‡K Av‡iv Lviv‡ci w`‡K avweZ K‡iwQj| djvdj wQj GB †h 1973 G Wjv‡ii `ye©jZv wb‡R‡K cÖKvk K‡i Wjv‡i AwfwnZ †Z‡ji g~j¨ we‡ùvi‡Y| `xN© ¯’vqx †ZRxfv‡ei mgvwß N‡U|

¯’vqx A¯¿ A_©bxwZi ZË¡ e‡j †h cyuwRev‡`i A‡hŠw³KZv wm‡÷‡gi eywo‡q hvIqvi m‡½ m‡½ nªvm cvq bv| cyuwRev`, gvK©‡mi fvlvq hv mgMÖ BwZnv‡m i³ I K`©‡g Ave„Z, e„× eq‡m Kj¨vYg~jK n‡e bv| d‡j ¯’vqx A¯¿ A_©bxwZ wm‡÷‡gi ckyZ¡ I ee©iZvi me‡P‡q Pig cÖKvk|⁹⁸

Aa¨vq Pvi

we‡ÿwcZ ¯’vqx wecøe

Z…Zxq we‡k¦i weKvkvejx m¤úwK©Z Avi GKwU Bmy¨ hv hy‡×vËi Îrw¯‹cš’xM‡Yi eyS‡Z Amyweav nq| Îrw¯‹ KZ…©K weKwkZ ¯’vqx wecø‡ei ZË¡ mvgªvR¨ev‡`i `ye©jvqb Ges Z…Zxq we‡k¦i mvgvwRK cwieZ©b m¤ú‡K© fwel¨ØvYx K‡iwQj| ey‡R©vqv wecø‡ei KvRmg~n m¤ú~Y©Ki‡Y msMÖvgiZ kªwgK †kªYx KZ©„K GwU cwiPvwjZ n‡Z n‡e Ges GKB mg‡q mgvRZ‡š¿i Rb¨ msMÖv‡gi w`‡K avweZ Ki‡Z n‡e| Îrw¯‹i ¯’vqx wecø‡ei ZË¡ ch©vßfv‡e Z…Zxq we‡k¦i Zvrch©gwÛZ weKvkvejxi e¨vL¨v †`q, wKš‘ GwU gvI‡qi Pxb Ges K¨v‡¯¿vi wKDev w`‡q Zx¶èfv‡e cÖ‡kœi m¤§yLxb nq| GB ZË¡wU Kx cÖ‡qvM Kiv hvq? GB cÖ‡kœi DËi n‡Zv GKwU ÒnuvÕ-I bv A_ev GKwU ÒbvÓ-I bv| GB †`k¸‡jv‡Z msNwUZ NUbvejx Ges Îrw¯‹i Z‡Ë¡i g‡a¨ A‡bK wKQzB mve©Rbxb (common), wKš‘ †Kv‡bv bv ‡Kv‡bvfv‡e †mLv‡b i¨vwWK¨vj  ˆemv`„k¨I (divergence) we`¨gvb| myZivs GKwU ZË¡ m„R‡bi cÖ‡qvRb ‡`Lv †`q hv‡Z Dfq w`K AšÍfy©³ Kiv hvq| GwU wQj we‡ÿwcZ (deflected) ¯’vqx wecø‡ei ZË¡|   

gvI‡qi ¶gZvq Av‡ivnY

Gi ÔKwgDwb÷Õ †gvoK m‡Ë¡I, 1949G RvZxqZvev`x Kz‡qvwgbUvs‡`i Ici gvI‡qi Pxbv KwgDwb÷‡`i weR‡q wkí kªwgK‡kªYx †Kv‡bv f~wgKvB cvjb K‡iwb| GgbwK ¯^qs Pxbv KwgDwb÷ cvwU©i mvgvwRK web¨vm wQj m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c AkªwgK‡kªYxq| gvI‡qi cvwU©i c‡` Av‡ivnY wg‡j hvq GKwU mg‡qi m‡½ hLb GwU Avi kªwgK †kªYxi cvwU© wQj bv| 1926Gi †k‡li w`‡K AšÍZt 66% m`m¨ wQj kªwgK, Ab¨ 22% wQj eyw×Rxwe Ges gvÎ 5% wQj K…lK|⁹⁹ 1928Gi b‡f¤^i bvMv` kªwgK‡`i kZKiv nvi cuvP fv‡Mi Pvi fvM K‡g gvÎ 10% nq| GKwU Awdwmqvj wi‡cv‡U© ¯^xKvi Kiv nq †h cvwU©i Ôwkí kªwgK‡`i g‡a¨ GKwU GKK kw³kvjx cvwU© wbDwK¬qvm †bBÕ|<sup>100</sup>GK eQi c‡i m`m¨‡`i gvÎ 3% kªwgK wQj Ges 1930Gi †kl bvMv` GwU cÖvq k~b¨ n‡q hvq|¹⁰¹ZLb †_‡K Ges gvI‡qi PzovšÍ weRq ch©šÍ cvwU©‡Z †Kv‡bv wkí kªwgK wQj bv ej‡jB P‡j|

‡ek K‡qK eQi cvwU© †K›`ªxq Px‡bi cÖ‡`k¸‡jv‡Z Mfxifv‡e we‡`ªvnx K…lK Av‡›`vj‡b wb‡qvwRZ wQj, †hLv‡b GwU GKwU Pxbv †mvwf‡qZ cÖRvZš¿ cÖwZwôZ K‡iwQj; c‡i 1934G †K›`ªxq cÖ‡`k¸‡jv‡Z mvgwiK civR‡qi ci GwU DËi-cwð‡g DËi †kbwk‡Z P‡j hvq| GB Dfq A‡jB ej‡Z †M‡j †Kvb wkí kªwgK wQj bv| GKwU KwgbUvb© gyLcvÎ †gv‡UB AwZk‡qvw³ K‡iwb hLb GwU wj‡LwQj, ÔmvgvwRKfv‡e I A_©‰bwZKfv‡e mxgvšÍ AÂj wQj Px‡bi me‡P‡q wcwQ‡q cov AÂj¸‡jvi GKwUÕ|¹⁰²Pz‡Z cybiæw³ K‡ib, ÔKwgDwb÷‡`i cwiPvjbvaxb AÂj¸‡jv mgMÖ †`‡ki g‡a¨ A_©‡bwZKfv‡e me‡P‡q cðvrc` wQjÕ|<sup>103</sup> MYcÖRvZš¿x Pxb cÖwZôvi c~‡e© †ek K‡qK eQi †Kv‡bv GKwU cÖK…Z kni KwgDwb÷‡`i wbqš¿‡Y Av‡mwb|

gvI‡qi ¶gZvq Av‡ivn‡Yi mg‡q KwgDwb÷ cvwU©i iYbxwZ‡Z kªwg‡Kiv GZUvB ¸iæZ¡nxb wQ‡jb †h 1929G GKwU Ks‡MÖm AbywôZ nIqvi c‡i 19 eQi ch©šÍ cvwU© †UªW BDwbqbmg~‡ni GKwU RvZxq Ks‡MÖm AvnŸv‡bi †Kv‡bv cÖ‡qvRbB g‡b K‡iwb| GwU kªwgK‡`i mg_©b A‡š^l‡Y DwØMœ wQj bv, †hgbwU Gi †NvlYvq †`Lv hvq †h 1937-45Gi msKUgq eQi¸‡jv‡Z Kz‡qvwg›Uvs wbqwš¿Z GjvKvmg~‡n GwU †Kv‡bv cvwU© msMVb eRvq ivL‡Z AvMÖnx wQj bv|¹⁰⁴ 1937Gi wW‡m¤^‡i hLb Rvcvb we‡ivax hy× GwM‡q PjwQj, ZLb ag©NUx kªwgK A_ev ag©N‡Ui Rb¨ cÖ‡ivPbv `vbKvix kªwgK‡`i Rb¨ Kz‡qvwg›Uvs miKvi g„Zz¨`‡Ûi  wWµx Rvwi K‡i, GB mg‡q KwgDwb÷ cvwU©i GKRb gyLcvÎ GKRb mv¶vrKvi MÖnYKvix‡K e‡jb †h miKv‡ii hy× cwiPvjbvq cvwU© Ôm¤ú~Y© mš‘óÕ|<sup>105</sup> GgbwK Kz‡qvwgbUvs I KwgDwb÷ cvwU©i g‡a¨ M„nhy× ïiæ nIqvi c‡iI, Kz‡qvwgbUvs AÂj¸‡jv‡Z K`vwPr KwgDwb÷ cvwU©i msMV‡bi Aw¯ÍZ¡ wQj, ‡hLv‡b †`‡ki mg¯Í wkí †K›`ª¸‡jv AšÍfy©³ wQj|

kni¸‡jv‡Z gvI‡qi weRq wkí kªwgK †kªYx †_‡K KwgDwb÷ cvwU©i m¤ú~Y© we‡”Q` Qvov Avi mewKQzB `„wó‡MvPi K‡i| KwgDwb÷ †bZ„Z¡ kni¸‡jv‡Z †h †Kv‡bv kªwgK Afy¨Ìvb wbe„ZKi‡Y Zv‡`i m‡e©v”P cÖ‡Póv wb‡qvwRZ K‡iwQ‡jb †m¸‡jv Zv‡`i `L‡j †bqvi cÖv°v‡j| D`vniY¯^iƒc, wZ‡qbw¯Íb (Tientsin) I †eBwRs cZ‡bi c~‡e© wccjm wjev‡ikb Avwg©i KgvÛvi †Rbv‡ij wjb wcqvI RbM‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨ GKwU †NvlYvcÎ wewj K‡ib:

. . . . k„•Ljv eRvq ivL‡Z Ges Zv‡`i eZ©gvb †ckvmg~n Pvwj‡q †h‡Z| cÖv‡`wkK, bMi, KvDw›U A_ev miKvix cÖwZôv‡bi Ab¨vb¨  ¯Íimg~‡ni Kz‡qvwg›Uvs BDqvb Kg©KZv©MY A_ev cywjk Kg©KZ©vMY Ges †Rjv, kni, MÖvg, A_ev cvD wPqv ( Kz‡qvwgbUvs wbivcËv) m`m¨MY‡K Zv‡`i c`mg~‡n Ae¯’vb Ki‡Z Av‡`k Kiv nj|¹⁰⁶

Bqvs‡S b`x AwZµgKv‡j, †K›`ªxq Pxb Ges `w¶Y Px‡bi wekvj wekvj bMixmg~n (mvsnvB, n¨vb‡KvI, K¨v›Ub) Zv‡`i wbKU c`vbZ nIqvi c~‡e©, gvI Ges Pz †Z GB ai‡Yi †NvlYvcÎ Bmy¨ K‡ib:

. . . mKj e¨emv‡q kªwgK-Kg©PvixMY KvR Ae¨vnZ ivL‡eb . . . . †K›`ªxq, cÖv‡`wkK, †cŠi A_ev KvDw›U miKvimg~‡ni bvbv ¯Íimg~‡ni Kz‡qvwg›Uvs Kg©KZ©vMY, A_ev Ôb¨vkbvj G‡m¤^wjÕi †Wwj‡MUe„›`, †jwR‡¯øwUf Ges K‡›Uªvj BDqvb Gi m`m¨e„›` A_ev MY ivR‰bwZK KvDw݇ji m`m¨e„›`, cywjk Kg©KZ©vMY Ges cvD wPqv ms¯’vi cÖavbMY . . . Zv‡`i c`mg~‡n Ae¯’vb Ki‡eb|¹⁰⁷

kªwgK †kªYx webxZ _vK‡e Ges wbw®Œq _vK‡e| wccjm wjev‡ikb Avwg© KZ…©K bvbwKs `L‡ji wVK `yÕw`b c~‡e© 1949Gi 22 GwcÖ‡j bvbwKs †_‡K GKwU wi‡cv‡U© Ae¯’vwU Gfv‡e eY©bv Kiv nq:

bvbwKs‡qi RbMY D‡ËRbvi †Kv‡bv wPýB cÖ`k©b Ki‡Q bv| ‡KŠZznjx RbZv b`xi Zx‡i GB mKv‡j mg‡eZ n‡”Q b`xi Aci Zx‡i e›`yK hy× ch©‡e¶‡Y| e¨emvqI h_vixwZ Pj‡Q| wKQz †`vKvb eÜ, wKš‘ GwU e¨emv‡qi Afv‡e . . . . ‡cÖ¶vM„n¸‡jv Zv‡`i cÖ`k©bxmg~n Pvwj‡q hv‡”Q c~Y© †cÖ¶vM„‡n|

GK gvm ci wbD BqK© UvBgm msev``vZv mvsnvB †_‡K †j‡Lb, Ôjvj evwnbx Pxbv fvlvq  †cv÷vimg~n †mu‡U w`‡”Q  hv‡Z RbZv‡K kvšÍ _vK‡Z ejv n‡”Q Ges Zv‡`i wbðqZv †`qv n‡”Q GB g‡g© †h Zv‡`i f‡qi †Kv‡bv wKQz †bBÕ|¹⁰⁸ K¨v›U‡b ÔZv‡`i cÖ‡e‡ki c‡i KwgDwb÷MY cywjk †÷k‡b †hvMv‡hvM K‡i Ges Awdmvi I gvbyl‡`i wb‡`©k †`q Zv‡`i c‡` Ae¯’vb K‡i k„•Ljv eRvq ivL‡ZÕ|¹⁰⁹

Îrw¯‹i hyw³ wQj GB †h ey‡R©vqv wecø‡ei KvRmg~n †hgb mvgªvR¨ev`x AvwacZ¨ †_‡K gyw³ †KejgvÎ AwR©Z n‡Z cv‡i kªwgK †kªYxi Øviv| GB hyw³ Px‡b msNwUZ NUbvejxi e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|

K¨v‡¯¿vi wecøe

wKDev‡Z msNwUZ weKvk Avi GKwU D`vniY hv Îrw¯‹i `„k¨K‡íi m‡½ m½wZc~Y© bq| GLv‡b kªwgK †kªYx wKsev K…lK †kªYx †KDB ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡iwb| Kv‡¯¿vi ¶gZv‡ivn‡Y ga¨weË eyw×Rxwee„›` msMÖv‡gi mgMª †¶ÎB cwic~Y© K‡i iv‡Lb| wm. ivBU wgjm Gi eB Listen YankeeGKwU wbf©i‡hvM¨ g‡bv‡jvM hv‡Z wKDevi †bZ…e„›` e‡j‡Qb, GwU mevi Av‡M wecøe Kx bq, †mwU wb‡q we‡ePbv K‡i:

. . . wecøe ¯^qs gRywi kªwgK †kªbx I cyuwRcwZ ‡kªYxi ga¨Kvi msMÖvg wQj bv| Avgv‡`i wecøe bMix‡Z Aew¯’Z kªwgK BDwbqbmg~n A_ev gRywi kªwgKMY KZ©„K msNwUZ, A_ev †jevi cvwU©mg~n A_ev G iKg ai‡Yi GKUv wKQz Øviv msNwUZ wecøe bq| . . .  bMix¯’ gRywi kªwgKMY †h †Kv‡bv wecøex c‡_i e¨vcv‡i m‡PZb wQ‡jb bv; Zv‡`i BDwbqbmg~n Avcbv‡`i DËi Av‡gwiKvb BDwbqbmg~‡ni gZB: A_© I AwaKZi fvj Ae¯’vi Rb¨ msMÖvgiZ| ZvB mewKQz hv cÖK„Zc‡¶ Zv‡`i cwiPvwjZ K‡i| Ges wKQz wKQz GgbwK Avcbv‡`i wKQz ‡_‡K AwaKZi `yb©xwZ civqb|¹¹⁰

wKDevb †bZ…e„‡›`i m‡½ Av‡jvPbvi c‡i K¨v‡¯¿vi wbwe©Pvi mg_©K cj e¨vib wj‡Lb:

GUv cÖZxqgvb †h wkí kªwgK †kªYxi Kg©iZ Ask mvgwMÖKfv‡e wecøex mgq Kv‡j wbw®Œq wQj| GB kªwg‡Kiv wKDevb †cÖv‡jZvwi‡q‡Zi ÔAwfRvZÕ ¯Íi MVb K‡i, Giv we‡`kx I Af¨šÍixY GK‡PwUqv e¨emv‡qi gybvdvi fvMx`vi nq, jvwZb Av‡gwiKvi gvb Abymv‡i Giv m”Qj, Ges wKDevb mvaviY RbM‡Yi †P‡q D”PZi RxebhvÎvi gvb Dc‡fvM K‡i| kw³kvjx †UªW BDwbqb Av‡›`vj‡b m¤ú~Y©fv‡e AvwacZ¨ K‡i gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi ÷vB‡j Òe¨emvq  BDwbqwbRgÓ, Ges A‰ea Dcv‡q A_© DcvR©‡bi dw›`wdwKi (racketeering) I `my¨Zv (gangsterism) w`‡q GwU Vvmv|¹¹¹ 

Afy¨Ìvb ïiæi †gvUvgywU †lvj gvm c‡i Ges wKDevb GKbvqK evwZ¯Ívi cZ‡bi AvU gvm c~‡e© 1958Gi 9 GwcÖj K¨v‡¯¿v KZ©„K AvnŸvbK…Z mvaviY ag©NU m¤ú~Y© e¨_©Zvi KviY wQj wkí-cÖ‡jZvwi‡Zi Abxnv| kªwg‡Kiv wQj D`vmxb; Ges KwgDwb÷iv GwU‡Z AšÍivq ˆZix K‡iwQj| GUv ‡KejgvÎ wKQz w`b c‡i ‡h Zviv K¨v‡¯¿vi e¨vÛIqvM‡b mvwgj n‡qwQj|¹¹²

K¨v‡¯¿vi DÌv‡b †KejgvÎ kªwgK †kªYxB Am¤ú„³ wQj ZvB bq, K…lK RbM‡Yi †¶‡ÎI GKB K_v cÖ‡hvR¨| 1958Gi GwcÖj ch©šÍ K¨v‡¯¿vi Aax‡b mk¯¿ ‡hv×v wQj gvÎ 180 Rb Ges evwZ¯Ívi cZ‡bi mg‡q GwU †e‡o `uvovq 803G|<sup>113</sup> K¨v‡¯¿v e¨v‡Ûi K¨vWviMY wQ‡jb eyw×Rxwe| Ges ‡h ¶z`ª msL¨K K…l‡Kiv AskMÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb Zviv K…wl gRywi kªwgK wQ‡jb bv|  wm‡qiv †gB‡q¯¿v‡Z †h K…l‡Kiv K¨v‡¯¿vi m‡½ †hvM w`‡qwQ‡jb Zv‡`i m¤ú‡K© †P ¸‡qfviv e‡jb:

‡h ‰mwb‡Kiv Avgv‡`i MÖvgxY RbM‡Yi cÖ_g †Mwijv evwnbx MVb K‡iwQj Zviv ‡mB mvgvwRK †kªYx †_‡K G‡mwQj hviv Zv‡`i fvjevmv ‡`wL‡qwQj Rwgi AwaKv‡ii cÖwZ me‡P‡q Zxeªfv‡e, ‡mwU †h gvbwmK w`KwU‡K me‡P‡q fvjfv‡e cÖKvk K‡iwQj Zv‡K †cwU ey‡R©vqv e‡jB AvL¨vwqZ Kiv hvq|¹¹⁴

K¨v‡¯¿vi Av‡›`vjb wQj ga¨ †kªYxi| 1956Gi wW‡m¤^‡i K¨v‡¯¿vi Aax‡b †h 82 Rb gvbyl †gw·‡Kv †_‡K wKDev AvµgY K‡iwQ‡jb Ges †h 12 Rb wm‡qiv †gB‡q¯¿vi hy‡× †eu‡P wM‡qwQ‡jb, Zv‡`i mevB GB †kªYx †_‡K G‡mwQ‡jb| ÔcÖavYZ ga¨ ‡kªYxi bMi cÖwZ‡iva Av‡›`vjb w`‡qB me‡P‡q †ekx ¶wZMÖ¯’ n‡qwQj, GwU ivR‰bwZK I gvbwmK GwmW ‰Zix K‡iwQj hv evwZ¯Ívi hy× kw³‡K ¶wqòz K‡iwQjÕ|¹¹⁵

‰ewkó¨MZfv‡e wKDevb Av‡›`vj‡bi Rb¨, †P ¸‡qfviv †Rvi †`b †h mKj fwel¨r mgvRZvwš¿K wecø‡e wkí kªwgK †kªYx AcÖvmw½K n‡e:

wb‡R‡`i ai‡Y ˆZix GKwU †mbvevwnbxmn campesinos msMÖvg Ki‡Q Zv‡`i wb‡R‡`i gnvb j¶¨vejxi Rb¨, cÖv_wgKfv‡e Rwgi b¨vqvbyM e›U‡bi Rb¨, Giv MÖvg †_‡K kni `Lj Ki‡e . . . . ¶gZv `L‡ji Rb¨ welqxMZ (subjective) Ae¯’v

hy‡×vËi mvgvwRK iƒcvšÍi‡Y, Z„Zxq we‡k¦i Ab¨vb¨ RvqMvq kªwgK †kªYx KL‡bv mn‡hvMx f~wgKvi †P‡q ‡ekx `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡iwb, Ges GgbwK †hLv‡b GB †kªYx Dcw¯’Z wQj, †mLv‡bI wecøex mgvRZ‡š¿i Rb¨ avweZ GKwU ¯^vaxb kw³ wn‡m‡e KvR K‡iwb, †hgbwU 1917G ivwkqv‡Z n‡qwQj| myZivs Af¨šÍixY cðvrc` mvgvwRK-A_©‰bwZK m¤úK©vejxi AwZµgY cÖwµqvmg~n Ges mvgªvR¨ev‡`i †Rvqvj †_‡K RvZxq gyw³ AR©b GB welq¸‡jv cy‡ivfv‡M wb‡q G‡mwQ‡jb  cÖavYZ eyw×Rxwe m¤cÖ`vq A_ev ivóª †_‡K AvMZ bvbv ai‡bi kw³mg~n, Îrw¯‹i ¯’vqx wecø‡ei Z‡Ë¡ GB `vwqZ¡ b¨¯Í wQj kªwgK †kªYxi cÖwZ| Avwd«Kv‡Z, Gwkqv‡Z I j¨vwUb Av‡gwiKv‡Z djvdj ˆewPÎvwqZ n‡jI Kg‡ekx ¯’vqx ivwóªq cyuwRev` wQj weivwRZ djvdj|

Îrw¯‹i ¯’vqx wecø‡ei Z‡Ë¡ Kx åvwšÍ wQj?

Îrw¯‹i Z‡Ë¡i †gŠj welq¸‡jv‡K QqwU `dvq mvi-ms‡¶c Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i:

(1) cyuwRZvwš¿K `„k¨c‡U †`ix‡Z Avmv ey‡R©vqvRx ‡gŠwjKfv‡e Gi GK kZK ev `yB kZK c~e©m~ix ‡_‡K c„_K| mvgšÍZš¿ Ges mvgªvR¨ev`x wbh©vZ‡b m„ó mgm¨vejxi m½wZc~Y©, MYZvwš¿K, ‰ecøweK mgvav‡b GwU A¶g| GwU mvgšÍZ‡š¿i m¤ú~Y© aŸsm mvab, cÖK…Z RvZxq ¯^vaxbZv I ivR‰bwZK MYZš¿ AR©‡b A¶g| AMÖmi I cðvrc` †`k wbwe©‡k‡l GwU wecøex n‡Z A¶g| GwU Pigfv‡e GKwU i¶Ykxj kw³|

(2) wm×vwšÍK wecøex f~wgKv †cÖv‡jZvwi‡q‡Zi Ici b¨¯Í, hw`I GwU LyeB ZiæY Ges msL¨vq †QvU|

(3) ¯^vaxb Kvh©µ‡g A¶g K…lK‡kªYx kni‡K AbymiY Ki‡e, Ges cÖ_g `yÕwU `dv Abymv‡i Aewk¨ wkí ‡cÖv‡jZvwi‡q‡Zi †bZ…Z¡‡K AbymiY Ki‡e|

(4) K…wl cÖkœ Ges RvZxq mgm¨vi m½wZc~Y© mgvavb, `ªæZ A_©‰bwZK AMÖMwZ‡Z evav`vbKvix mvgvwRK I ivRZvwš¿K †Rvqvjmg~‡ni wQbœKiY cÖ‡qvRbxq K‡i Zzj‡e ey‡R©vqv e¨w³MZ m¤úwËi mxgvbv Qvwo‡q †h‡Z| ÔMYZvwš¿K wecøe `ªæZB weKwkZ n‡q mgvRZvwš¿K wecø‡ei w`‡K avweZ n‡e, Ges GBfv‡e ¯’vqx wecø‡e cwiYZ n‡eÕ|¹¹⁷

(5) mgvRZvwš¿K wecø‡ei m¤ú~Y©KiY ÔRvZxq mxgvbvi †fZ‡i AwPšÍbxq . . .| GBfv‡e, mgvRZvwš¿K wecøe ¯’vqx wecø‡e cwiYZ nq, kãwUi bqv I we¯Í…Z A‡_©; GwU m¤ú~Y©Zv cvq †KejgvÎ Avgv‡`i mgMÖ MÖ‡n bqv mgv‡Ri PzovšÍ weR‡qÕ|<sup>118</sup> ÔGK‡`‡k mgvRZš¿ÕGi †Póv Ges AR©b n‡”Q GKwU cÖwZwµqvkxj I msKxY© ¯^cœ|

(6) d‡j cðvrc` †`kmg~‡ni wecøe AMÖmi ‡`kmg~‡n Zxeª Av‡jvob Zzj‡e|

            hLb ‡`ix‡Z weKvkgvb (developing) ey‡R©vqv‡kªYxi i¶Ykxj, fxZy ¯^fve (Îrw¯‹i cÖ_g `dv) GKwU Pig mZ¨, ZLb ZiæY kªwgK‡kªbxi wecøex PwiÎ (Îrw¯‹i wØZxq `dv) Pig mZ¨ ev Awbevh©I bq| hw` kªwgK‡kªYx cÖK…Zc‡¶ wecøex bv nq, †mB †¶‡Î wØZxq `dv †_‡K cÂg `dv ev¯ÍevwqZ n‡e bv|

Îrw¯‹i Z‡Ë¡i †K›`ªxq ¯Í¤¢ kªwgK‡kªYxi Abgbxq wecøex Pwi‡Î AvksKv Ki‡j mgMÖ KvVv‡gvB UzK‡iv UzKv‡iv n‡q †f‡½ c‡o| Zuvi Z…Zxq `dv ev¯ÍevwqZ nqwb, KviY K…lK‡kªYx Awecøex kªwgK‡kªYx‡K AbymiY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv, Ges Ab¨vb¨ me Dcv`vbmg~n GKB `„óvšÍ AbymiY K‡i| wKš‘ Gi A_© GB bq †h †Kv‡bv wKQz Av‡`Š N‡U bv| RvZxq I AvšÍR©vwZK cwi‡cÖw¶Zmg~‡ni msMÖš’b Drcvw`Kv kw³mg~n‡K mvgšÍZš¿ I mvgªvR¨ev‡`i k„•L‡ji m‡½ msN‡l© wb‡q Av‡m| K„lK we‡`ªvnmg~‡ni m~ÎcvZ N‡U c~‡e©i †_‡K MfxiZi I cÖk¯’Zi MwZ‡Z| Zv‡Z ‡cÖvw_Z _v‡K D”PZi RxebhvÎvi gv‡bi Rb¨ Ges mvgªvR¨ev` KZ©„K A_©‰bwZK aŸs‡mi weiæ‡× RvZxq we‡`ªvn| djvdj n‡jv GK ai‡Yi iƒcvšÍi hv‡Z Aš‘fy©³ _v‡K ¯’vqx wecø‡ei ZË¡, wKš‘  i¨vwWK¨vjfv‡e GwU †_‡K wfbœfv‡e| GwU‡K Avgiv ewj we‡ÿwcZ ¯’vqx wecøe (deflected permanent revolution)| GB ZË¡wU 1963†Z cÖ_g we¯Í…Z cwim‡i Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq|¹¹⁹

AvaywbK cyuwRZvwš¿K mgv‡Ri `yÕwU cÖavb †kªYx n‡jv cyuwRcwZ †kªYx I kªwgK †kªYx, Giv hw` cÖavb fywgKv cvjb bv K‡i, Zvi KviY n‡jv GKwU i¶Ykxj kw³‡Z cwiYZ n‡q‡Q, AciwU Gi j¶¨ †_‡K wePy¨Z ¯Ívwjbev` ev ms‡kvabev` w`‡q| Kxfv‡e GB cÖavb cÖwµqvwU msNwUZ nÕj? fy¯^vgxZš¿ (landlordism) Ges mvgªvR¨ev‡`i †Rvqvj fv½‡Z Drcvw`Kv kw³mg~‡ni cÖ‡Yv`bv Ges K…lK †kªYxi we‡`ªvnx AvPiY h‡_ó bq| Ab¨ PviwU wbqvgK mnvqZv K‡i:

(1) `yÕwU civkw³i eøK؇qi g‡a¨ µgea©gvb ؇›Ø wek¦ mvgªvR¨ev` `ye©j n‡q c‡o| Gi d‡j cÖ‡Z¨‡K nvB‡Wªv‡Rb †evgvi Aw¯Í‡Z¡i Rb¨ Amnvq †eva K‡i| G‡K Ac‡ii weiæ‡× hy‡×i ùzwj½ m„wói f‡q GwU AvswkKfv‡e Z…Zxq we‡k¦ Zv‡`i n¯Í‡¶‡ci mvg_©¨‡K mxwgZ K‡i|

(2) cðvrc` †`k¸‡jv‡Z iv‡óªi ¸iæ‡Z¡i µgea©gvb e„w×|  GwU BwZnv‡mi cwimnvm¸‡jvi GKwU †h hLb mgvR GKwU HwZnvwmK KZ©‡e¨i (task) m¤§yLxb nq, Ges HwZnvwmKfv‡e wb®úbœKvix †kªYxwU Abycw¯’Z _v‡K, ZLb cÖvqB RbM‡Yi Ab¨ †Kv‡bv †Mvôx ivóª-¶gZv wn‡m‡e msMwVZ nq Ges GwU ev¯ÍevwqZ K‡i| GB ai‡Yi Ae¯’vax‡b ivóª-¶gZv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© fywgKv cvjb K‡i| GwU †KejgvÎ, A_ev GgbwK cÖavbZ RvZxq A_©bxwZi wfwˇKB cÖwZdwjZ K‡i bv, hv‡Z GwUi DÌvb N‡U, m‡½ m‡½ GwU wek¦-A_©bxwZi civ-RvZxq AvïKZ©e¨mg~n‡K (supra-national imperatives) cÖwZdwjZ K‡i|

(3) ¯Ívwjbev` I ms¯‹viev‡`i cÖfve mgvRZvwš¿K wecøe †_‡K wfbœ Lv‡Z kªwgK‡kªYxi Av‡›`vjbmg~n‡K wePy¨Z K‡i| cÖvqB kªwgK‡kªYxi gv‡S cÖfvekvjx KwgDwb÷ cvwU©mg~n, A_ev Abyiƒc Av‡›`vjbmg~n Zv‡`i cÖ‡Póvmg~n Ae¨vnZ iv‡L Ab¨ †kªYx ¯^v_©mg~‡ni cÖwZwbwaZ¡Kvix ¯’vbxq kw³mg~‡ni m‡½ mn‡hvwMZvq Ges Drmvn`v‡b|

(4) RvwZi †bZv Ges HK¨e×Kvix (unifier) Ges m‡e©vcwi RbM‡Yi cwiPvjbvKvix (manipulator) wn‡m‡e eyw×Rxwe‡kªYxi µgea©gvb ¸iæZ¡| GB †kl `dvwUi we‡kl e¨vL¨v `iKvi|

‡h RbM‡Yi ga¨ †_‡K G‡`i DÌvb N‡U, wecøex Av‡›`vj‡b eyw×Rxwe ‡kªYxi †bZ…¯’vbxq fywgKv †mB RbM‡Yi A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹„wZK BZ¨vw` mvaviY cðvrc`Zvi m‡½ mivmwi mgvbycvwZK| GwU ˆewkó¨gwÛZ †h iæk ccywj÷ Av‡›`vjb Ab¨ †h Kviæi †_‡K mgv‡Ri me‡P‡q cðvrc` Ask K…lK‡kªYxi wecøevq‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZvq ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc Ki‡Zv|

Ôwe‡kølYvZ¥K wPšÍb cÖwµqvÕi (critical thinking) wbqš¿K eyw×Rxwe †kªYxi Ici me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡v‡ivcKvix MÖæcwU nj iæk ccywj÷ Av‡›`vjb| RviZvwš¿K ivwkqvi Zzjbvq DÌvbkxj hy‡×vËi RvwZmg~‡n wecøex eyw×Rxwe †kªYx wb‡R‡`i GKwU AwaKZi msnZKvix kw³ wn‡m‡e cÖgvY K‡i| ‡`kxq ey‡Rv©qv †kªYxi e¨w³K m¤úwË Ae¯’vi iƒcvšÍi `ye©j nIqvq, Ges mvgªvR¨ev‡`i fvi Amnbxq Abyf~Z nIqvq, ivóªxq cyuwRev`‡KB mgvavb e‡j cÖZxqgvb nq| mvgªvR¨ev‡`i `ye©jvqb, ivóªxq cwiKíbvi µgea©gvb ¸iæZ¡, ivwkqvi D`vniY, Ges KwgDwb÷ cvwU©mg~‡ni msMwVZ, k„•Ljve× KvRKg©, GB welq¸‡jv eyw×Rxwe †kªYx‡K GKwU msnZKi Kg©m~Px †`q| mgv‡Ri GKgvÎ Awe‡klvwqZ Ask wn‡m‡e (KviY Drcv`b m¤ú‡K©i †fZ‡i GwU †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó †kªYx fywgKv‡Z Ave× _v‡K bv|) eyw×Rxwe †kªYx n‡jv Ô‡ckv`vi wecøex GwjUÕGi Drm Ges GKB mv‡_ msNvZgq †MvôxMZ (sectional) I †kªYx ¯^v_©mg~‡ni wecix‡Z ÔRvwZÕ ¯^v_©mg~‡ni cÖwZwbwa wn‡m‡e cÖZxqgvb| AwaKš‘, GwU n‡jv mgv‡Ri †mB Ask hviv RvZxq ms¯‹…wZ Øviv AbycÖvwYZ, ‡hwUi Rb¨ K…lK‡kªYx I kªwgK‡kªYxi Aemi ev wk¶v †Kv‡bvwUB †bB|

eyw×Rxwe‡kªYx Zuv‡`i †`kmg~‡ni cÖvhyw³K NvUwZ‡ZI ms‡e`bkxj| wek kZ‡Ki ˆeÁvwbK I cÖvhyw³K RM‡Z AskMÖn‡Y Zuviv Zuv‡`i wb‡R‡`i RvwZi cðvrc`Zvq Kó‡eva K‡i| GB Abyf~wZ ¸iæZ¡ cvq GB †`k¸‡jv‡Z gnvgvwiiƒ‡c †`Lv †`qv Ôeyw×e„wËK †eKviZ¡Õ Øviv| mvaviY A_©‰bwZK cðvrc`Zvq, AwaKvsk QvÎ-QvÎx‡`i GKgvÎ fimv miKvwi PvKzwi, wKš‘ mevi fv‡M co‡Z cv‡i Ggb msL¨v LyeB Kg|¹²⁰

eyw×Rxwe‡`i AvwZ¥K RxebI msKUMÖ¯’| †f‡½ cov k„•Ljvq †hLv‡b HwZwn¨K c¨vUvb©wU †f‡½ co‡Q, ‡mLv‡b Zuviv Awbivc`, wfwËnxb, `„p g~j¨‡ev‡ai Afve Abyfe K‡i| `ªexf~Z ms¯‹…wZmg~n bqv msnwZKi‡Yi Rb¨ GKwU kw³kvjx †cÖlYv ˆZix K‡i, hv‡K n‡Z nq mvgwMÖK I MwZgq, hw` GwU‡K mvgvwRK I AvwZ¥K k~b¨Zv c~iY Ki‡Z nq| eyw×Rxwe †kªYx RvZxqZvev`‡K Avwj½b K‡i ag©xq DËvcmn|

Zuv‡`i †`k¸‡jvi ¯^vaxbZv jv‡fi c~‡e©, eyw×Rxwe †kªYx wb‡R‡`i ˆØZ Pv‡c †`L‡Z cvq Ñ Zuv‡`i RbM‡Yi AwaKvs‡ki †P‡q Zviv myweav cÖvß, wKš‘ Zvic‡iI Zuviv we‡`kx kvmK‡`i Aa¯Íb| GwU RvZxq Av‡›`vj‡b Zuv‡`i wØav I †`v`yj¨gvb f~wgKvi ˆewkó¨ e¨vL¨v K‡i| Zuv‡`i AMÖmiZv, ÔAÁÕ RbM‡Yi cÖwZ Aciva‡eva I ÔFbxÕ†ev‡ai aviYvi m„wó K‡i, Ges GKB m‡½ Zuv‡`i †_‡K we‡”Q‡`i I  †kªq‡ev‡ai Abyf~wZ ˆZix nq| `~‡i I Dc‡i _vKvi Ae¯’vb †_‡K weiwZ QvovB, eyw×Rxwe †kªYx AvZ¥xK…Z nIqv QvovB A½xf~Z nIqvi Rb¨ DwØMœ| Zuviv MwZkxj Av‡›`vj‡bi A‡š^l‡Y _v‡K hv RvwZ‡K HK¨e× K‡i, Gi Rb¨ we¯Í…Z bqv `„k¨cU Ly‡j †`q, wKš‘ GKB m‡½ †hwU eyw×Rxwe‡kªYxi wb‡R‡`i‡K ¶gZv †`q|

mvgvwRK cÖ‡KŠk‡j `¶Zvmn, Zuviv `¶Zvq wekvjfv‡e wek¦vm K‡i| AvZ¥-m‡PZb Ges gy³fv‡e msMwVZ RbZvi gyw³ msMÖv‡gi dj n‡jv Zv‡`i Rb¨ bqv `ywbqv, GBfv‡e †`Lvi cwie‡Z©  Zuviv eis Ici †_‡K ms¯‹vi cÖZ¨vkv K‡i Ges bqv `ywbqv‡K K…ZÁ RbM‡Yi wbKU n¯ÍvšÍwiZ Ki‡Z fxlY fvjev‡m| g›`v †_‡K Zv‡`i RvwZ‡K ‡eiKi‡Yi c`‡¶cmg~‡ni Rb¨ Zviv AZy¨rmvnx n‡jI MYZ‡š¿i Rb¨ Zviv Lye KgB AvMÖnx| Zuviv cÖ‡Yv`bv AšÍf©y³ K‡i wkívq‡bi Rb¨, cyuwRi mÂq‡bi Rb¨, RvZxq cybiæ¾xe‡bi Rb¨| mivmwi Ab¨vb¨ †kªYxmg~‡ni `ye©jZv, Ges Zv‡`i ivR‰bwZK wbe©xRZvi m‡½ m¤úwK©Z wQj Zuv‡`i ¶gZv|

GB me¸‡jv welq me©vZ¥Kev`x ivóªxq cyuwRev`‡K (totalitarian state capitalism) AvKl©Yxq j¶¨ wn‡m‡e ˆZix K‡i eyw×Rxwe‡`i Rb¨| Ges cÖK…Zc‡¶, D`xqgvb RvwZmg~‡n ZuvivB n‡”Q mvg¨ev‡`i cÖavb SvÛvevnx| GKRb jvwZb Av‡gwiKvb we‡klÁ †j‡Lb, ÔjvwZb Av‡gwiKv‡Z QvÎ-QvÎx Ges ga¨‡kªYxi gv‡S mvg¨ev‡`i wekvj MÖnb‡hvM¨Zv †`Lv †M‡QÕ|<sup>121</sup> gvP©/Gwcªj 1958G fvi‡Zi Ag„Zm‡i AbywôZ KwgDwb÷ cvwU©i Ks‡MÖ‡m,  Ô†Wwj‡MU‡`i cÖvq kZKiv 67 Rb nj kªwgK‡kªYx I K…lK‡kªYxi evB‡i Ab¨vb¨ †kªYx †_‡K AvMZ (ga¨‡kªYx, Rwg gvwjK †kªYx Ges Ô¶z‡` e¨emvqxÕ)| kZKiv 72 R‡bi i‡q‡Q wKQz K‡jR wk¶vÕ|<sup>122</sup> 1943G ‡`Lv †M‡Q †h mKj cvwU© m`m¨‡`i kZKiv 16 Rb mve©¶wYK Kg©x|¹²³

we‡ÿwcZ ¯’vqx wecøe

Z…Zxq we‡k¦ Îrw¯‹i ZË¡ mycvwik K‡i †h mvgvwRK weKv‡ki cÖ‡Yv`bvg~jK kw³mg~n ¯’vqx wecø‡ei w`‡K avweZ K‡i Ges kªwgK‡kªYx‡K mgvRZ‡š¿i Rb¨ msMÖv‡g PvwjZ K‡i| wKš‘ wecøex welq (subject), A_©vr cÖ‡jZvwiq Kg©KvÛ I †bZ…‡Z¡i Abycw¯’wZ‡Z, djvdj avweZ n‡Z cv‡i GKwU wfbœ †bZ…‡Z¡i w`‡K Ges GKwU wfbœ j‡¶¨i w`‡KÑZv n‡jv ivóªxq cuywRev`| Îrw¯‹i Z‡Ë¡i mve©Rbxb ˆeaZvi welqwU (ey‡R©vqv‡kªYxi i¶Ykxj PwiÎ) Ges †hwU AwbwðZ (kªwgK‡kªYxi welqxMZ Kg©KvÛ) Ñ G¸‡jv e¨envi K‡i GKwU weK‡í DcbxZ nIqv ‡h‡Z cv‡i, fvj bv‡gi Afv‡e, hv‡K AwfwnZ Kiv hvq Ôwe‡ÿwcZ, ivóªxq cyuwRev`x, ¯’vqx wecøeÕ| hv‡nvK, Îrw¯‹i Z‡Ë¡i †K›`ªxq aviYvwU c~‡e©i gZB  ˆea _v‡K: mviv `ywbqv‡Z weRq jvf Kiv ch©šÍ †gnbwZ RbZv‡K Aewk¨ Gi wecøex msMÖvg‡K Ae¨vnZ ivL‡Z n‡e| GB j¶¨ †_‡K `~‡i _vK‡j GB †kªYx ¯^vaxbZv AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|

Aa¨vq cuvP

DËivwaKvi

wØZxq wek¦hy× cieZ©x wek¦ cwiw¯’wZ m¤ú‡K© Îrw¯‹i fwel¨ØvYxmg~n Ges NUbvejxi cÖK…Z Ae¯’v cvkvcvwk Dc¯’vcb K‡i eZ©gvb cÖeÜwU ïiæ n‡qwQj| Gici eY©bv Kiv n‡qwQj Kxfv‡e Îrw¯‹cš’xiv e¨vcK msL¨vq ev¯ÍeZvi w`‡K Zuv‡`i †PvL eÜ †i‡L Îrw¯‹i evYxmg~‡ni cÖwZ dmj wn‡m‡e gw¶Kv Zz‡jwQÕ| †Kb GwU N‡UwQj? †Kb †g‡Ûj, cve‡jv I Ab¨vb¨v †bZ…¯’vbxq Îrw¯‹cš’xiv, hviv LyeB AvšÍwiK wKš‘ wb‡e©va wQ‡jb bv, Ggb AvPiY K‡iwQ‡jb †hb Zuviv Kí‡jv‡K evm Ki‡Qb Ges KvR Ki‡Qb? KviY wQj GB †h bvrwmev` I ¯Ívwjbev‡`i AÜKvi cÖwZwµqvi eQi¸‡jv‡Z Zviv wb‡R‡`i LyeB wew”Qbœ †`L‡Z cvq  kªwgK‡kªYxi gv‡S ¶xY wfwËmn| G iKg `xN© mg‡qi Rb¨ giæf~wg‡Z Ae¯’v‡bi Rb¨, cvwbi Rb¨ Z…òvZ© _vKvi Rb¨, meyR Mv‡Qi gwiwPKv Ges cvwbi wek¦ ‡`‡L Zviv `„wóå‡g wbcwZZ nb|

            gvK©m, †jwbb, jy‡·gevM© I Îrw¯‹i wk¶vi g~jwel‡qi (essence) cÖwZ wek¦¯Í _vKvi †Póv‡Z, Ges wØZxq wek¦ hy× cieZ©x c„w_ex‡Z ev¯Íe Ae¯’vi mv‡_ Awf‡hvvwRZ nIqvi Rb¨ AvšÍR©vwZK mgvRZvwš¿K cÖeYZv (the International Socialist tendency) wZbwU ZË¡ weKv‡ki †Póvq wb‡qvwRZ _v‡K: ¯Ívwjbev`x ivwkqv‡K ivóªxq cyuwRev`x wn‡m‡e msÁvqb †hwU Gi `xN© ¯’vqxZ¡ Ges cwiYv‡g wejywßi e¨vL¨v †`q; cwðgv aYZ‡š¿i `xN© †ZRxfv‡ei Drm wbwnZ ¯’vqx A¯¿ A_©bxwZ‡Z wKš‘ GwU aviY K‡i fwel¨‡Zi msKUvejx; Ges we‡ÿwcZ ¯’vqx wecø‡ei Av‡jv‡K gvI I K¨v‡¯¿vi weR‡qi e¨vL¨v|

            ev¯Íe `ywbqv‡Z †Kv‡bv e¨envwiK m¤úK© Av‡Q wKbv hvi A_© n‡jv GB †h GB wZbwU Z‡Ë¡i g‡a¨ m¤úK© we`¨gvb wQj wKbv?

            cÖK…Zc‡¶ m¤úK© we`¨gvb wQj| ¯Ívwjwbq †iwR‡gi DØZ©b I kw³ Ab¨ `yÕwU weKv‡ki RU Lyj‡Z mnvqZv K‡i|

            mevi Dc‡i, wØZxq wek¦ hy× ‡k‡l Mfxi mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK Aw¯’iZvmg~n (tensions) †hb cÖ‡jZvwiq wecø‡e iƒcvšÍwiZ bv n‡Z cv‡i Zvi cÖwZ‡iv‡a ¯Ívwjwbq cÖfve GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| cÖ_g wek¦hy× cieZ©x Ae¯’v ivwkqv, Rvg©vwb, Aw÷ªqv, nv‡½wi‡Z wecøemg~‡ni ùzwj½ ˆZix K‡i Ges Ab¨ A‡bK †`‡k cÖvq wecøex Ae¯’v ‰Zix K‡i| wKš‘ BD‡ivc gnv‡`‡k ZLbKvi mvgvwRK Aw¯’iZvmg~n, cÖ_g wek¦hy× cieZ©x Ae¯’v †_‡KI AwaKZi Zx²Zi I MfxiZi wQj| hw` 1945G GiKg D¤§y³ wecøe bv n‡q _v‡K, Z‡e KviY wQj KwgDwb÷ cvwU©¸‡jv| wecø‡ei ewa©òz †mªvZ‡K cÖwZnZKi‡Y Ges cyuwRev` i¶vKi‡Y Zv‡`i i¨vwWK¨vj cÖwZg~wZ© (aura) e¨envi K‡i ¯Ívwjbcš’x †bZ…e„›` GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib| d«vÝ, BZvwj I Rvg©vwbi D`vniYmg~n †h m¤¢vebv¸‡jv Zz‡j a‡iwQj Zv nvwi‡q †Mj| AvM÷ 1944G KwgDwb÷ cvwU©i †bZ…‡Z¡ cwiPvwjZ cÖwZ‡iv‡a bvrwmevwnbxi `Lj †_‡K c¨vwim gy³ n‡jv, m¤ú~Y© wbqš¿Y G‡`i Ici b¨¯Í nj| KwgDwb÷‡`i m‡½ we‡ivax ivR‰bwZK †Mvôx¸‡jvi Zzjbv Kiv hvK| M¨vweª‡qj †Kvj‡Kvi hy‡×i ivRbxwZ MÖ‡š’ e¨vL¨v Kiv nq †h ÔM¨wjq fveavivi MÖæc¸‡jv memgqB ¶z`ª msL¨vjNy †Mvôx wQj| d«v‡Ýi A‡bK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ask¸‡jv‡Z Zv‡`i K`vwPr Aw¯ÍZ¡ wQjÕ|¹²⁴ Rbmg_©‡b mgvRZš¿x cvwU©iI mgvbfv‡eB NvUwZ wQj:

Z…Zxq wicvewj‡K mgvRZš¿xiv DrK‡l©i w`K w`‡q †miv `j wQj Ges GgbwK wfwL (Vichy)Gi c‡iI Zv‡`i ivRbxwZ‡Z eva¨Zvg~jK AvbyM‡Z¨i dj n‡jv `vjvjx I Av‡cv‡li Rb¨ Gi RvZxq cwil` m`m¨‡`i `yB-Z…Zxqvs‡ki cvwU© KZ…©K ewn¯‹vi| 1941Gi c‡i mgvRZš¿xiv cvwU© wn‡m‡e Av¶wiK A‡_©B DrLvZ n‡q hvq, Ges †KejgvÎ 1944G ax‡i ax‡i Zv‡`i Kg©x‡`i cybtmsMwVZ Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡i|¹²⁵

G‡Z KwgDwb÷ cvwU© duvKv gvV †c‡q hvq: ÔKwgDwb÷iv cÖwZ‡iva msMV‡b cÖvavb¨ we¯Ívi K‡i, me‡P‡q e„nr wQj Francs-Tireurs et Partisans ...Õ|¹²⁶ Avqvb evqviPj (Ian Birchall) d«v‡Ýi Ae¯’v wb‡gœv³fv‡e eY©bv K‡ib:

1944G bvrwm `Lj †_‡K d«vÝ gy³ n‡j †`kwU wek„•Lj Ae¯’vq wbcwZZ nq| cª_g ch©v‡q †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii mvgvb¨B wbqš¿Y wQj GB Ae¯’vi Ici| wewfbœ †cŠi GjvKv‡Z gyw³ KwgwUmg~n (liberation committees) cÖwZôv Kiv nq; gvm©vB‡qi ¯’vbxq KZ…©c¶¸‡jv c¨vwi‡mi mv‡_ Av‡jvPbv QvovB AvÂwjK MYgvwjKvbvi Kg©m~Px ïiæ K‡i| MY wePvivjqmg~n (People’s courts) cÖwZôv Kiv nq Ges cÖvq 11,000 `vjvj‡K ¸wj K‡i nZ¨v Kiv nq|

gyw³ KwgwU¸‡jvi AwaKvskB wbqš¿Y Ki‡Zv divwm KwgDwb÷ cvwU© Ges miKvi n¯Í‡¶‡c A¶g wQj, ¯^ivóª gš¿x Zv‡`i cÖwZ e„_vB ¯^vqZkvwmZfv‡e KvR Kiv †_‡K weiZ _vK‡Z AvnŸvb Rvbvb| †KejgvÎ divwm KwgDwb÷ cvwU©i †bZv gwim †_v‡i‡Ri n¯Í‡¶c Zv‡`i wbe„Z Ki‡Z m¶g n‡qwQj| wZwb †Rvi w`‡q e‡jb †h:

‡hfv‡e cÖwZ‡iv‡ai RvZxq KvDwÝj miKv‡ii wecix‡Z wb‡R‡K cÖwZ¯’vwcZ K‡iwb, †Zgwbfv‡e ¯’vbxq gyw³ KwgwU¸‡jv †cŠi I wefvMxq cÖkvmb¸‡jvi wecix‡Z wb‡R‡`i Aewk¨ cÖwZ¯’vwcZ Ki‡e bv|¹²⁷

           

gwim †_v‡iRB g‡¯‹v †_‡K d«v‡Ý wd‡i G‡m AvnŸvb Rvbvb, ÔGKwU cywjk| GKwU †mbvevwnbx| GKwU ivóªÕ| Ges myZivs cÖwZ‡iva‡K wbi¯¿xK…Z Kiv nq| †Kvj‡Kv †j‡Lb:  

           

Auv‡`ª gvwZ© I Pvj©m wZ‡jvui (Charles Tillon) Pvicv‡ki cyivZb, wgwjU¨v›U †bZ…e„›`‡K †_v‡iR k„•Ljve× K‡ib| Auv‡`ª gvwZ© I Pvj©m wZ‡jv‡K wZwb PyovšÍfv‡e ewn¯‹vi K‡ib| wZwb ag©NU wbwl× K‡ib Ges kªwgK‡`i wbKU †_‡K AwaK kªg `vex K‡ib. Ges cÖwZ‡iva msMVb¸‡jvi (Resistance organisations) wejywßi Aby‡gv`b †`b| wZwb cÖ‡Z¨KwU mvgvwRK j¶¨‡K hy‡× Rqx nIqvi j‡¶¨i Aaxb¯’ K‡ib; Ôgyw³ KwgwUmg~‡ni KvR kvmb Kiv bqÕ, Rvbyqvwi 1945G cvwU© †K›`ªxq KwgwU‡Z e‡jb, Ôeis hviv kvmb K‡ib Zv‡`i mnvqZv Kiv| m‡ev©cwi, Zviv Aewk¨ RbMY‡K mg‡eZ Ki‡e, cÖwkw¶Z Ki‡e, Ges msMwVZ Ki‡e hv‡Z Zviv hy‡× m‡e©v”P kw³ mgv‡ek Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges  cÖwZ‡iva KZ©„K cÖYxZ Kg©m~Pxi ev¯Íevq‡b mvgwqK miKvi‡K mg_©b w`‡Z cv‡i|Õ ms‡¶‡c, divwm cyuwRev‡`i BwZnv‡mi GKwU mwܶ‡Y, evgcš’x‡`i cvwU© cyuwRev‡`i weiæ‡× KvR Ki‡Z A¯^xKvi K‡i| ÔRvwZi HK¨ wQ‡jv GKwU ¯úó Avï KZ©e¨Õ, †_v‡iR GB Dw³Ki‡Y KL‡bv K¬všÍ wQ‡jb bv| . . .  cvwU© cÖwZ‡iva‡K wbi¯¿xKi‡Y mnvqZv K‡i, gyg~l©y A_©bxwZi cyiæ¾xeb NUvq, Ges cyivZb k„•Ljv‡K (old order) ¸iæZ¡c~Y© `g †bIqvi dzimZ (breathing spell) w`‡Z h‡_ó w¯’wZkxjZv ˆZix K‡i Ñ Ges c‡i G¸‡jv m¤úbœKi‡Y cvw©U AwaK K…wZZ¡ †bq|¹²⁸

BZvwj‡Z ‡h †Kv‡bvwKQz wecø‡ei †XD‡K Av‡iv DuPz‡Z wb‡q hvq| wc‡q‡i †eªv (Pierre Broué) †j‡Lb, ÔBZvwj‡Z GwU wQj kªwgK‡`i Av‡›`vjb Ñ Ges †KD †R‡b Avðh© n‡e bv †h GwU ïiæ n‡qwQj wdqvZ KviLvbvq Ñ †hwU PzovšÍfv‡e d¨vwmev`x †iwR‡gi wfwˇK bvov w`‡qwQj, Ges †ewb‡Zv gy‡mvwjwbi Kei Lbb K‡iwQjÕ|¹²⁹

            e„n`vqZ‡bi wdqvZ KviLvbvq ag©NUwU mvaviY ag©N‡U cwiYZ n‡qwQj †hwU c‡ii w`b †iwR‡gi cZb NwU‡qwQj| GK eQi ci:

gvP© 1944G . . . . GKwU bZzb Ges GgbwK AwaKZi we¯§qKi cÖwZev` Qwo‡q c‡o `LjxK…Z BZvwj‡Z| GB mgq ag©NUx‡`i †køvMvb wQj AwaKZi ivR‰bwZK, Zviv `vex K‡iwQj Avï kvwšÍ Ges Rvg©vwbi Rb¨ hy‡×vrcv`‡bi mgvwß| me‡P‡q Avkvev`x c~e©vfvmI AwZµg K‡i hvq GB msL¨vwU| wgjvb cª‡`‡k 300,000 kªwgK †ei n‡q Av‡m| ¯^qs GB bMix‡Z Uªvg kªwg‡Kiv 1 gv‡P© ag©NU K‡i Ges †KejgvÎ Zv‡`i weiæ‡× cwiPvwjZ mš¿vmx Awfhv‡bi Kvi‡Y PZz_© I cÂg w`‡b Zviv eva¨ nq Kv‡R †hvM w`‡Z| wkí Îqx (industrial triangle) AwZµg K‡i ag©NU Qvwo‡q c‡o †f‡b‡ZvGi e¯¿Kj¸‡jv‡Z Ges BZvwjq †K›`ªxq bMix †ev‡jvMbv I †d¬v‡i‡Ý| Av‡›`vj‡bi m¤§yL mvwi‡Z wQ‡jb bvix I wbgœ Av‡qi kªwgK RbmvaviY| gv‡P©i cÖ_g mßv‡ni wewfbœ mg‡q nvRv‡i nvRv‡i kªwgK ‡gwkb eÜ K‡i †`q|¹³⁰

           

BZvwjq kªwgK‡kªYxi wkí, ivR‰bwZK I mkm&ª msMÖvg Ae¨vnZfv‡e Pj‡Z _v‡K hv‡Z 1945 bvMv` Zzwi‡bi kªwgK‡kªYxi †Rjv¸‡jv d¨vwmev`x‡`i I Rvg©vb‡`i Rb¨ Kvh©Z wbwl× GjvKv wQj|¹³¹ cwiYv‡g:

1 †g bvMv` m¤ú~Y© DËi BZvwj gy³ nq| AwaKvsk RvqMvq (most quarters) gyw³i MYgyLx (popular) I Afy¨ÌvwbK (insurrectionary) PwiÎ Af¨w_©Z nq, Ges GwU AskMÖnYKvix‡`i ¯§„wZi Ici Abc‡bq AwfNvZ (impression) †i‡L hvq| Ab¨‡`i †fZ‡i GwU Zxeª D‡Ø‡Mi KviY NUvq| hviv d¨vwmev`x‡`i mn‡hvwMZv K‡iwQj Zv‡`i weiæ‡× d¨vwmwe‡ivaxiv cÖwZ‡kva wb‡qwQj, Kv‡RB gyw³i Zvr¶wYK djvdj nÕj m¤¢eZt 12,000-15,000 R‡bi nZ¨vKvÛ| Dˇii wkícwZiv cÖZ¨vkv K‡iwQj d¨vwmev`x‡`i wbKU †_‡K A¨vs‡jv-Av‡gwiKvb KZ…©c‡¶i wbKU wbiæ`ªc ¶gZvi ¯’vbvšÍi| Zvi cwie‡Z© Zviv ‡`L‡Z †cj †h Afy¨Ìvb I ‰gÎx‡Rv‡Ui AvMg‡bi ga¨eZ©x `k w`‡b Zv‡`i d¨v±wi¸‡jv `LjxK…Z, Ges kªwg‡Kiv A¯¿mw¾Z n‡q †M‡Q| Zv‡`i g‡a¨ me‡P‡q Av‡cvlxMYI A‡c¶v Ki‡Z mvnm bv †c‡q myBURvij¨vÛ cjvqb K‡i| cieZ©x K‡qKgv‡m cyuwRev`x gn‡j Avmbœ mvgvwRK wecø‡ei fq eRvq _v‡K|¹³² 

            wKš‘ GB wecøe ev¯Í‡e iƒcvwqZ nqwb m‡e©vcwi BZvwjq KwgDwb÷ cvwU© KZ…©K AbykxjbK…Z wbqš¿‡Yi Kvi‡Y| †eªv †j‡Lb:

BZvwjq KwgDwb÷ cvwU© nj g‡¯‹vi mivmwi wbqš¿vaxb KwgDwb÷ B›Uvib¨vkbv‡ji Ask| GwU AwfRvZeM©, AatcwZZ d¨vwmev`x, gvk©vjMY Ges MxR©vi wcÖÝM‡Yi Øvi¯’ nq| GwU Zv‡`i wbKU miKvix gš¿x‡Z¡i wewbg‡q ivRc‡_i Pvc †_‡K Zv‡`i mKj‡K i¶vKi‡Yi Av‡cvl cÖ¯Íve †`q, Ges g‡¯‹v‡Z BZvwjq G‡RwÝi AvBwbK ¯^xK…wZi Rb¨I|¹³³

d«v‡Ýi †_v‡i‡Ri gZb BZvwjq KwgDwb÷ †bZv †ZvMwjqvwË g‡¯‹v †_‡K wd‡i GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© fywgKv cvjb K‡ib| wMÝevM© †j‡Lb:

‡m‡ji‡bv‡Z ‡cuŠ‡Q, †ZvMvwjqvwË Zuvi Kg‡iW‡`i wbKU wKQzUv we¯§q Ges wKQzUv we‡ivaxZvi gv‡S GKwU †KŠk‡ji iƒc‡iLv Zz‡j a‡ib, Zuvi B”Qv n‡jv cvwU© wbKU fwel¨‡Z GwU AbymiY Ki‡e| wZwb e‡jb, KwgDwb÷‡`i‡K ivRZ‡š¿i cÖwZ Zv‡`i cÖvqB D‡jøLK…Z kÎæZv ¯’wMZ ivL‡Z n‡e| cwie‡Z© Zv‡`i mKj d¨vwmwe‡ivax kw³mg~n‡K hyw³ w`‡q ‡evSv‡Z n‡e ivRKxq miKv‡i †hvM`v‡bi Rb¨, †hwU mv‡ji‡bvi `w¶‡Y BZvwji mg¯Í Ask GLb wbqš¿Y K‡i| ‡ZvMwjqvwË hyw³ †`b, GB mg‡qi cÖavb j¶¨ bvrwm I d¨vwmev`x‡`i †gvKv‡ejvq RvZxq HK¨, Zv ev¯Íevq‡bi w`‡K cª_g c`‡¶c n‡PQ miKv‡i †hvM`vb| KwgDwb÷‡`i cÖavb j¶¨ n‡jv BZvwji gyw³, mgvRZvwš¿K wecøe bq|

‡ZvMwjqvwË `„pZvi mv‡_ e‡jb †h hy‡×i eQi¸‡jvi HK¨ m¤¢e n‡j cybM©V‡bi mg‡q Ae¨vnZ ivLv DwPZ| GB gnv‡Rv‡U †KejgvÎ mgvRZš¿xivB _vK‡e bv Zv bq, Lªx÷vb MYZš¿xivI _vK‡e| 1944G †iv‡g GK e³…Zvq wZwb Lªx÷vb MYZš¿x‡`i Ggb GKwU cvwU© wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ Ki‡jb hvi i¨vs‡K ÔkªwgK RbZv, K…lK, eyw×Rxwe Ges Ziæ‡Yiv i‡q‡Q, hviv g~jMZfv‡e Avgv‡`i AvKv•Lv¸‡jv †kqvi K‡i, KviY Zviv GKwU MYZvwš¿K I cÖMwZkxj BZvwj PvqÕ|¹³⁴

GwcÖj 1944G †ZvMwjqvwË RvZxq gyw³ KwgwUi AšÍf©y³ cvwU©¸‡jv‡K ivRvi cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨ Ges gvk©vj ev‡`vMwj‡qvi miKv‡i †hvM`v‡bi Rb¨ Avnevb Rvbvb| wZwb gy‡mvwjwbi Aax‡b KgvÛvi-Bb-wPd wQ‡jb Ges 1935G Avwewmwbqvq AvMÖvmbKvix BZvwjq †mbv`‡ji †bZv wQ‡jb| †ZvMwjqvwË GgbwK ev‡`vMwj‡qvi gš¿x‡`i g‡a¨ GKRb nb!¹³⁵

           

Rvg©vwb‡Z wecøex msMÖvg d«vÝ I BZvwj †_‡K Av‡iv AwaK KóKi wQj, hw`I GLv‡b wecø‡ei Rb¨ Ac~iYxq m¤¢vebv we`¨gvb wQj| GwU mZ¨ †h Z…Zxq ivB‡Li weiæ‡× cÖwZ‡iva‡K bvrwm wbh©vZb LyeB KwVb K‡i Zz‡jwQ‡jv, wKš‘ GwU mgxKi‡Yi GKwU w`K| msMÖv‡g wd‡i Avmvi Rb¨ m¤¢vebv c×wZMZfv‡e bvrwm-we‡ivax K¨v‡¤úi Af¨šÍi †_‡KB `ye©j K‡i ‡`qv n‡qwQj| ms¯‹viev`x ‡mvm¨vj †W‡gvµvwUK cvwU©i (SPD) aŸsmvZ¥K †bZ…Z¡ Ges m‡ev©cwi ¯Ívwjwbq wbqš¿vaxb KwgDwb÷ cvwU© (KPD) Rvg©vb kªwgK‡kªYx‡K wZ³Zv I weåvwšÍi g‡a¨ †V‡j w`‡qwQj, wnUjvi‡K Zvi weiæ‡× †KvbiKg A½ywj D‡Ëvjb QvovB ¶gZvmxb n‡Z w`‡q|

            1939G wnUjvi-¯Ívwjb Pzw³ ¯^v¶i Rvg©vb KwgDwb÷‡`i g‡bvej †f‡½ w`‡qwQj hviv bvrwmev‡`i weiæ‡× GKgvÎ MYcÖwZ‡iva M‡o Zz‡jwQj| GB Pzw³i d‡j †M÷v‡cv KZ…©K ev‡Rqvß †Mvcb wjd‡j‡Ui msL¨v 1939G 15,922 †_‡K K‡g GB msL¨vwU 1940G `vovq 1,277G|

            GgbwK hLb hy× mgvwßi w`‡K ZLbI †Rv‡Ui wnmveK…Z †KŠkj g‡b n‡qwQ‡jv Z…Zxq ivB‡Li weiæ‡× we‡`ªvn AbyrmvwnZKi‡Y Ges Zvi cwie‡Z© AšÍt‡Kvcx AvbyMZ¨ Dc¯’vc‡b| c~‡e©, ¯Ívwjb Ôgnvb †`k‡cÖgg~jK hy×Õ-G iZ e‡j `vex K‡ib Ges Zuvi j¶¨ bvrwm †iwRg †_‡K mKj Rvg©vb‡`i cÖwZ avweZ nq| Rvg©vb-we‡ivax, we‡kl K‡i ivwkqvi Kvh©Z eY©ev`x cÖPviYv bvrwm‡`i weiæ‡× cÖwZ‡iva Av‡›`vj‡bi weKvk‡K Ae`wgZ K‡i| ivwkqvi msev` gva¨‡g Bwjqv Bn‡ibevM© evi evi wj‡L GB evK¨wU cybive„Z K‡ib, ÔGKgvÎ fv‡jv Rvg©vb nj g„Z Rvg©vb|Õ Avgvi Zvi †jLv GKwU msw¶ß wbe‡Üi K_v g‡b c‡o hv‡Z wZwb eY©bv K‡ib Kxfv‡e GKRb ivwkqvi ˆm‡b¨i m¤§yLxb n‡q GKRb Rvg©vb ˆmb¨ Zvi nvZ D‡aŸ© D‡Ëvjb K‡i Ges e‡j, ÔAvwg GKRb Kvgv‡ii mšÍvbÕ Ñ kªwgK‡kªYxi cwiPq‡Y Kx PgrKvi m~ÎvqY! iæk ˆm‡b¨i cÖwZwµqv Kx wQj? Bn‡ibevM© ‡j‡Lb, Ôiæk ‰mb¨ e‡jb, ÒZzwg GKRb Rvg©vb Ges Rvg©vb‡`i Acivamg~‡ni Rb¨ ZzwgI `vqx,Ó Ges Zvici Rvg©vb ‰m‡b¨i ey‡K wZwb †e‡qv‡bU Pvjvb|Õ    

            Rvg©vb ‰mb¨iv KvBRv‡ii weiæ‡× wecøe w`‡q cÖ_g wek¦hy× †kl K‡i, wKš‘ wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i Ae¯’vejx‡Z G ai‡Yi †Kv‡bv we‡`ªv‡ni DÌvb N‡Uwb, †hRb¨ GKRb ˆmb¨ e‡jb, Ô‡Lv`v bv Kiæb, Avgiv hy‡× civwRZ nB| hw` Avgv‡`i Ici cÖwZ‡kva †b‡g Av‡m, Zvn‡j Avgv‡`i Lvivc mgq n‡Zv|Õ

wKš‘ wecø‡ei exR ZLb ch©šÍ †mLv‡b wQj| wØZxq wek¦hy× †k‡l wbh©vZ‡bi fvix XvKbv Rvg©vb kªwgK‡`i Ici †_‡K D‡V †Mj Ges Zviv wb‡R‡`i cÖKvk Kivi mwZ¨Kvi my‡hvM †cj| hv cÖKvk †cj Zv we¯§qKi| bZzb bZzb GjvKv bvrwmev‡`i Kej †_‡K gy³ n‡j d¨vwm-we‡ivax KwgwU¸‡jvi A_©vr ÔGw›Ud¨vmÕ Gi e¨vcK Av‡›`vjb Rvgv©wb‡Z Qwo‡q c‡o| cuvP kZvwa‡Ki Ici GB KwgwU¸‡jv we¯§vqKiƒ‡c kªwgK †kªYx w`‡q MwVZ| bvrwm †iwR‡gi DrLvZ Ges `Lj`vi †RvU evwnbx (c~‡e© ivwkqv, cwð‡g weª‡Ub I gvwK©b hy³ivóª) KZ©„K Ôk„•LjvÕ cybv‡iv‡ci ga¨eZ©x msw¶ß mg‡q kªwg‡Kiv gy&³ wQj wØwea A‡_©B| †KejgvÎ bvrwm RyjygB Acm„Z nj bv, m‡½ m‡½ †M÷v‡cv kvmbI, ms¯‹viev`x †mvm¨vj †W‡gvµvU †bZ…Z¡ I ¯Ívwjbcš’x KwgDwb÷ cvwU© GB Df‡qi g„Zy¨Ki cÖfve mvgwqKfv‡e e¨vnZ nq|

            Gw›Ud¨vm we‡ùviKiƒ‡c e„w× cvq| jvBcwR‡M (c~e© Rvg©vwb) 38wU ¯’vbxq KwgwU wQj| G‡`i 4,500 Rb Kg©x Ges 1,50,000 Rb Abymvix wQj e‡j `vex Kiv nq| hy‡× aŸs‡mi Kvi‡Y e¨vnZ nIqv m‡Ë¡I cÖvq 1,00,000 Rb gvbyl Zv‡`i †g w`e‡mi we‡¶v‡f mg‡eZ nq (D`vniY¯^iƒc, RbmsL¨v 7,00,000 †_‡K †b‡g 5,00,000 n‡qwQj)| cwðg Rvg©vwbi bMi eªv‡g‡b 55% evwoNi Aemevm‡hvM¨ wQj Ges Awaevmx‡`i GK-Z…Zxqvsk bMix †_‡K cvwj‡qwQj, †mLv‡b 14wU ¯’vbxq †Mvôx wQj, †mLv‡b m`m¨msL¨v 4,265 Rb `vex Kiv nq| c¶Kvj c‡i msL¨v `uvovq 6,495 Rb| A‡bK Gw›U-d¨vm msMwVZ nq Kg©‡¶Î¸‡jv‡Z| gyw³i wVK c‡iB †K›`ªxq ivi-G Kg©‡¶Î¸‡jvi cÖwZwbwa‡`i GKwU mgv‡ek nq, hv‡Z 56wU Lwb Ges Ab¨vb¨ A‡bK G›UvicÖvBR †_‡K 360 Rb ‡Wwj‡MU AšÍf©y³ wQj|

            Gw›Ud¨vm¸‡jv bvrwmev`‡K DrLv‡Z e×cwiKi wQj| bvrwm Kg©x‡`i Acmvi‡Yi `vex‡Z ag©NUmg~n ïiæ Kiv nq| eªv‡gb I Ab¨vb¨ RvqMvq bvrwm BDwbqb, Rvg©vb kªwgK d«‡›Ui febmg~n `Lj K‡i †bqv nq| Kb‡m‡›Uªkb K¨v¤úmg~n †_‡K †diZ Avmv mv_x‡`i bvrwm Kg©x‡`i evowZ K¶mg~‡n RvqMv †`qv nq Ges me‡P‡q KzL¨vZ bvrwm Kg©x‡`i KZ…©c‡¶i Kv‡Q Zz‡j †`qv nq| ÷zUMvU© wQj Av‡iv GK avc GwM‡q Ges Zviv Zv‡`i wbR¯^ Ôwecøex UªvBeybvjmg~nÕ MVb K‡iwQj|

      GKwU m‡PZbZv wQj GB †h †KejgvÎ kªwgK‡kªYxi wb‡R‡`i Kv‡Ri gva¨‡gB bvrwmev`‡K cÖK…Zc‡¶ wPiZ‡i DrLvZ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| eKzg-G Aew¯’Z wcÖÝ wi‡R›U Lwb‡Z ivR‰bwZK mvaviY ag©N‡Ui Rb¨ AvnŸvb Rvbv‡bv nq Ges †køvMvb †`qv nq, Ôjvj evwnbx `xN©Rxwe †nvKÕ, GB †køvMvbwU †mvwf‡qZ evwnbx‡K D‡Ïk¨ K‡i †`qv nqwb, Zvi cwie‡Z© 1918-23Gi Rvg©vb wecø‡ei Afy¨ÌvbKvix kw³i D‡Ïk¨ GwU †`qv nq| GB `„wófw½wU GwM‡q †bqv nq †h Ôfwel¨r iv‡óª c~‡e©i gZb †Kv‡bv PvKzwi`vZv (employers) _vK‡e bv| Avgiv GUv‡K Aewk¨ Ggbfv‡e mvRv‡ev Ges KvR Ki‡ev ‡hb cÖwZôvbwU Avgv‡`i!Õ wKQz RvqMvq kªwg‡Kiv Zv‡`i d¨v±wii `Lj †bq Ges e¨e¯’vcbv KZ…©c¶ cvwj‡q hvq| Gw›Ud¨vm Zv‡`i wb‡R‡`i d¨v±wi wgwjwkqv MVb K‡i Ges cywjk cÖavbMY I ‡gqi‡`i cÖwZ¯’vwcZ K‡i wb‡R‡`i g‡bvbxZ e¨w³eM© w`‡q| ÷zUMvU© I n¨v‡bvfv‡ii Ae¯’v eY©bv Kiv nq GKwU Ô‰ØZ ¶gZvÕ wn‡m‡e| Gw›Ud¨vm wb‡R‡`i cywjk evwnbx cÖwZôv K‡i, kw³kvjx ¯’vbxq c`mg~‡ni cÖPvjbv¸‡jvi `Lj †bq Ges Lv`¨ mieiv‡ni gZb ¸iæZ¡c~Y©  †mevmg~n Pvjv‡bv ïiæ K‡i|

gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi GK Kg©KZ©vi cÖZ¨¶`k©x wi‡cvU©wU mwe¯Ív‡i D‡jøL‡hvM¨:

bvrwm miKv‡ii cZ‡bi wVK c‡iB bvrwm-we‡ivax HK¨ d«›U Av‡›`vjb¸‡jvi DÌvb N‡U Ges e¨vcK GjvKv¸‡jv‡Z Qwo‡q wQwU‡q c‡o wewfbœ bvgxq KZ¸‡jv msMV‡bi Aax‡b Ges `„k¨Zt  G‡K Ac‡ii m‡½ †Kv‡bv iKg †hvMv‡hvM QvovB| . . . . Zv‡`i G‡Ki m‡½ Ac‡ii †Kv‡bv †hvMv‡hvM bv _vKv m‡Ë¡I, GB MÖæc¸‡jv j¶Y‡hvM¨iƒ‡c mv`„k¨ cÖ`k©b K‡i Zv‡`i MV‡b Ges Kg©m~Px‡Z| bvrwm Avg‡j †h mg¯Í gvby‡liv mwµq wQ‡jb Ges †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bvfv‡e Zv‡`i g‡a¨ †hvMv‡hvM wQj, cÖwZwU †¶‡Î Zv‡`i wbKU †_‡K H d«›U¸‡jv MV‡bi D‡`¨vM G‡mwQj e‡j `„wó‡MvPi nq| . . . . bvrmx‡`i Awfhy³KiY, A‰ea bvrwm ¸ß Av‡›`vjb cÖwZnZKi‡Yi cÖ‡Póv, †emvgwiK KZ…©c¶ I e¨w³MZ wkíKviLvbvi webvrwmKiY, Avevmb Ges Lv`¨ mieivn ms¯’v‡bi DbœqbÑG¸‡jvB wQj †K›`ªxq welq hv‡Z byZbfv‡e MwVZ ms¯’v¸‡jvi g‡bv‡hvM wbe× wQj| . . . . myZivs, GB Dcmsnvi hyw³hy³ †h bvrwmwe‡ivax cÖwZ‡iva evwnbx¸‡jvi ¯^ZtùzZ© GKÎxKi‡Yi cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i GB KwgDwbwU¸‡jv, hZw`b ch©šÍ mš¿vmx †iwRg ¶gZvq wQj,  ZZw`b G¸‡jv ¶gZvwenxb wQj|

wi‡cv‡U© cÖwZZzjbvq †`Lv hvq †h evgcš’x‡`i Kg©KvÛ ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc K‡i bZzb K‡i Avi¤¢Ki‡Yi c~e©kZ© wn‡m‡e bvrwmev‡`i mKj Avjvg‡Zi g~‡jvrcvUb, Gi wecix‡Z Wvbcš’xMY Ôg‡bv‡hvM wbe× K‡i wnUjvi †iwR‡gi aŸsmve‡k‡li †h †Kv‡bv wKQyi msi¶‡Y hv GLb ch©šÍ e¨envi‡hvM¨Õ|

wKš‘ nvq, cÖ‡Z¨K A‡j Gw›Ud¨vm †KejgvÎ ¯^í K‡qK mßv‡ni Rb¨ wU‡K _vK‡Z †c‡iwQj, KviY Zviv (iæk ‡mbvevwnbxmn) `Lj`vi evwnbxmg~‡ni Ges kªwgK Av‡›`vj‡b ¯Ívwjbev`x‡`i we‡ivaxZvi m¤§yLxb nq| ¯’vbxq AÂj¸‡jv‡Z `Lj`vi evwnbxmg~‡ni `„p KZ©„Z¡ jv‡fi m‡½ m‡½ †m¸‡jv‡K wbwl× Kiv nq| GwU cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq †hgwbfv‡e iæk wbqwš¿Z c~e© †m±‡i ‡Zgwb cwðg †m±‡i| Gw›Ud¨vm wejyß K‡i †`qv nq Dfq IqvK©vm© cvwU©i c‡iv¶ m¤§wZ‡Z| Bqvëv Pzw³i c‡i ¯Ívwjwbq KPD‡g‡b †bq †h cwðgv wgÎe‡M©i m¤ú~Y© AwaKvi i‡q‡Q Zv‡`i cÖfvevaxb GjvKv wbqš¿‡Yi Ges c~e©v‡jI Zviv †Kv‡bv ¯^vaxb Kg©KvÛ mn¨ Ki‡Zv bv| cwÂgv‡j ms¯‹viev`x SPDGi †Kv‡bv AvMÖn wQj bv wecøe msea©‡b| myZivs, Av‡jvPbvaxb mgqmxgv msw¶ß wQj| A_v©r 1945Gi emšÍKv‡j cÖwZwU GjvKv‡Z GwU gvÎ K‡qK mßvn wU‡K wQj | Zv m‡Ë¡I, Zviv †h ¶gZv ‡`wL‡qwQj Zv iæ‡L †`qv nq, cÖavbZ Dci I bxP †_‡K ¯Ívwjbev` w`‡q|¹³⁶ 

Aa¨vq Qq

Dcmsnvi

Îrw¯‹i fwel¨ØvYx Abymv‡i ¯Ívwjwbq †iwRg hy‡× weRqx bv n‡j d«vÝ I BZvwji ¯Ívwjwbq cvwU©¸‡jvi h‡_ó ¶gZv _vK‡Zv bv GB †`k¸‡jv‡Z cyuwRev`x AW©vi msi¶‡Y| GKBfv‡e wnUjv‡ii cZ‡bi c‡i Rvg©vb kªwgK ‡kªYx APj n‡q co‡Zv bv|

 ivóªxq cyuwRev‡`i DØZ©b cwðgv cyuwRev‡`i DØZ©‡bi w`‡K avweZ K‡i, KviY wecøe Gov‡bvi Rb¨ Df‡qi ¯^v‡_©B GwU `iKvi wQj| wKš‘ GwU n‡jv kÎæ fvevcbœ `yB fvB‡qi wm‡÷g Ges cÖv³b hy×Kvjxb wgÎeM© kxNÖB VvÛv hy‡×i gZb GKwU e¨vcK e¨qeûj A¯¿ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq Rwo‡q c‡o| GwU wQj cvðv‡Z¨ wµqvkxj ¯’vqx A¯¿ A_©bxwZi wfwË|

ivwkqv‡Z ¯Ívwjwbq †iwR‡gi Aw¯ÍZ¡ Ges Pxb I wKDevi we‡ÿwcZ ¯’vqx wecø‡ei ga¨Kvi †hvMm~Î AwaKZi cÖZxqgvb| GwU wQj GKwU kw³kvjx ivwkqvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ hv gvIev`x †mbvevwnbx‡K Drmvn hywM‡qwQj Rvcvb mvgªvR¨ev‡`i weiæ‡× Ges wPqvs KvB-‡kK Gi Kz‡qvwgbZvs Gi weiæ‡× A‡bK eQi a‡i hy× Ki‡Z| GwU wQj ¯Íwj‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ cðvrc` ivwkqvi †Rvic~e©K Ges `ªæZ wkívq‡bi D`vniY, hv ¯Ívwjwbq cvwU©mg~n Ges Z…Zxq `ywbqv Ry‡o DÌvbkxj miKvimg~n‡K AbycÖvwYZ K‡iwQj Ges GwU wQj Zv‡`i Rb¨ AbymiY‡hvM¨ g‡Wj| ¯’vbxq cyuwRZvwš¿K kw³mg~‡ni mg_©K‡`i m‡½ ˆgÎxi ¯Ívwjwbq cwjwmi A_© nj kªwgK †kªYxi wecøe w`‡q mvgªvR¨ev‡`i DrLvZ NU‡e bv| mvgªvR¨ev` cÖvqB Dcwb‡ekmg~n †_‡K wb‡R‡K mwi‡q wb‡Z mg_© nq Zvi A_©‰bwZK wb‡®úlY cwiZ¨vM QvovB| iæk eø‡Ki m‡½ †RvU †eu‡a ivóªxq cyuwRev`x cwjwmmg~n Abymi‡Y †Kv_vI AMÖMwZ NU‡Z cv‡i, wKš‘ †mLv‡b kªwgK †kªYxi Ae¯’v ZLbI cyuwRev`x kvmbvax‡b †kvwlZ I Aa¯’‡bi| 

myZivs, GKevi ivwkqv‡Z ¯Ívwjwbq †iwR‡gi fvM¨ m¤ú‡K© Îrw¯‹i fwel¨ØvYx ev¯ÍevwqZ bv n‡j, AMÖmi cyuwRev`x †`kmg~‡n Ges GKB m‡½ cðvrc` †`kmg~‡ni weKvk m¤ú‡K© Zuvi ev`evKx fwel¨ØvYxI ev¯ÍevwqZ n‡Z e¨_© nq|

wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i c‡i gvbweK cwiw¯’wZi cwieZ©b Abyave‡b ivóªxq cyuwRev`, ¯’vqx A¯¿ A_©bxwZ Ges we‡ÿwcZ ¯’vqx wecøe (deflected permanent revolution) Ñ GB Îqx (troika) GKwU HK¨, GKwU mvgwMÖKZv ˆZix K‡i| mvaviYfv‡e GwU Îrw¯‹ev‡`i wbwðZ cÖgvY, Avevi AskZt Gi bvw¯Í | RxešÍ ZË¡ wn‡m‡e gvK©mev` †hgbwU Av‡Q wVK †mfv‡eB eRvq _vK‡e, Ges GKB mg‡q Gi cwieZ©bI NU‡e| hv‡nvK, Îqx‡K GKK wn‡m‡e Abyaveb Kiv nqwb Ges GwU nVvr K‡iB Aw¯ÍZ¡gvb nqwb| GwU wQj ivwkqv I c~e© BD‡ivc, AMÖmi wkívwqZ cyuwRev`x †`kmg~n, Ges Z…Zxq `ywbqv Ñ GB wZbwU A‡j A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK weKvkmg~‡ni Ici KwZcq `xN© AbymÜv‡bi dmj| M‡elYvi c×wZmg~n wQj G‡K Ac‡ii m‡½ evisevi m¤úK©hy³| wKš‘ †KejgvÎ cÖwµqvwUi †k‡lB M‡elYvi wewfbœ †¶‡Îi ga¨Kvi m¤úK©vejx ¯úó nq| †KejgvÎ ce©‡Zi k„½ †_‡KB GKRb ce©Z Pyovq †cŠQv‡bvi Rb¨ cwiKwíZ wewfbœ dzUcv‡Zi ga¨Kvi m¤úK©mg~n †`L‡Z cvq Ges GB AbyKzj Ae¯’v †_‡K we‡kølY ms‡køl‡Yi w`‡K avweZ nq, gvK©mev`x Øvw›ØKZvi weRqx wn‡m‡e DÌvb N‡U|

e¨vcKgvÎvq AcÖwZmgZvmg~n w`‡q Gi we`xY©KiYmn, `ywbqvi A_©bxwZ, mgvR I ivR‰bwZK KvVv‡gvi cÖK…Z cwieZ©bmg~n Abyaveb K‡i, GwU‡K ev¯Íe, cÖK…Z, g~Z© m¤¢vebvmg~n Øviv eyS‡Z m¤¢e K‡i †Zv‡j wecøex‡`i Rb¨, hv‡Z Zviv wb‡R‡`i‡K cwieZ©‡bi cÖwµqv‡Z ¯’vcb K‡i|

eZ©gv‡b ivwkqv I c~e© BD‡iv‡c ¯Ívwjbev`x †iwRg Avi †bB| ¯’vqx A¯¿ A_©bxwZ w`‡q wek¦ cyuwRev` m¤§y‡L cÖPvwjZ nq bv| A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×i Rb¨ ivóªxq cyuwRev`x c_ Z…Zxq `ywbqv‡Z cwiZ¨³ n‡q‡Q, KviY AwaKZi Nwbô ‰ewk¦K A_©‰bwZK AvZ¥xKi‡Y ¯’vbxq kvmK †kªYxmg~n ev MÖæc¸‡jvi ‡mB fywgKv cvj‡bi Drmv‡ni Rb¨ gnovi †`evi RvqMv LyeB msKxY©| cwðg, c~e©, Ges Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~‡n - `ywbqv Ry‡o wbhyZ wbhyZ kªwgK Kg©P~¨Z n‡q‡Qb; wbhyZcwZ I eû-wbhyZcwZ‡`i ewa©Z msL¨vi cvkvcvwk wbhyZ wbhyZ †eKvi emevm K‡i|

ivóxq cyuwRev`x wn‡m‡e ivwkqvi msÁvqb, ¯’vqx A¯¿ A_©bxwZ‡K AMÖmi cyuwRev`x †`k¸‡jv‡Z hy‡×vËi A_©‰bwZK †ZRx fv‡ei e¨vL¨v wn‡m‡e MÖnY, Ges Z…Zxq `ywbqv‡Z gvIev‡`i mdjZvi Rb¨ e¨vL¨v wn‡m‡e we‡ÿwcZ ¯’vqx wecøe‡K MÖnY Ñ GB Îqx‡K AvR‡Ki w`‡bi gvK©mev`x‡`i wbKU AcÖvmw½K †`Lv‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ GwU Zv bq|

            †h e¯‘MZ kZ©mg~n aviYejxi cÖKvk NUvq, †mB kZ©¸‡jv Acm„Z nIqvi c‡iI m‡e©vcwi, aviYvejx wU‡K _v‡K GKUv `xN© mg‡qi Rb¨| GKwU cv_i w`‡q wXj †`evi Kvi‡Y cvwb‡Z Drcbœ †XDwU engvb _v‡K GgbwK cv_iwU †_‡g hvevi ciI|

GBfv‡e GLb ch©šÍ ¯Ívwjwbq †iwRg m¤ú‡K© mg_©K‡`i g‡a¨ I we‡ivax ey‡R©vqv‡`i gv‡S åvwšÍ we`¨gvb Av‡Q| GgbwK kªwgK MYZš¿ QvovB wk‡íi ivóªxq gvwjKvbv I A_©‰bwZK cwiKíbv n‡”Q mgvRZš¿, GB aviYvwU GLb ch©šÍ we`¨gvb Av‡Q|

wØZxq wek¦hy‡Øi msNwUZ nIqvi c‡i m¤ú~Y© ev cÖvq m¤ú~Y© Kg©ms¯’vb †KBbmev‡`i cÖwZ AvKl©b e„w× K‡i| ‡mB mgqKvi Ae¯’vi e¨vL¨vq ‡KBbmev‡`i wecix‡Z GKgvÎ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© gvK©mev`x weKí n‡Z cv‡i ¯’vqx A¯¿ A_©bxwZi ZË¡| †KBbmev` GLb ch©šÍ wU‡K Av‡Q Ges AvNvZ Ki‡Q Ges AvR gy³ evRvi A_©bxwZi A_©‰bwZK weKí wn‡m‡e GwU‡K Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡”Q|

we‡kl K‡i Z„Zxq `ywbqvq RbM‡Yi wbKU gvIev‡`i aviYvejx GLb ch©šÍ AvKl©Yxq| †P ¸‡qfvivi fveg~wZ© GLb ch©šÍ jvwZb Av‡gwiKvq cÖPÛ AbyiwYZ nq| wecøex gvK©mev`x‡`i †bZ…‡Z¡ †KejgvÎ mgvRZ‡š¿i msMÖv‡g kªwgK †kªYx wb‡Riv msMwVZ n‡q wecøe AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i Ñ GB aviYvwU RvZxq gyw³ Av‡›`vj‡b e¨vcKfv‡e M„wnZ nqwb| 

†Kb Avgiv †h wZbwU ZË¡ welqe¯‘ wn‡m‡e wb‡qwQ Zv Aa¨qb Kiv cÖ‡qvRb, Zvi Avi GKwU KviY Av‡Q| GwU Ki‡Z nq gvK©mev`x HwZ‡n¨i cÖK…wZ I avievwnKZvi m‡½ m½wZ †i‡L| Îrw¯‹ †hgbwU e‡jb, wecøex cvwU© nj kªwgK‡kªYxi ¯§„wZi msMÖnkvjv| Îrw¯‹i cÖqv‡Yi c~‡e© GB ¯§„wZi msMÖnkvjvwU, A_©vr Av‡›`vj‡bi mwZ¨Kvi avivevwnKZvi cÖwZwbwaZ¡ Ki‡Zv wKQy e¨w³i MÖæc| GwU g~Z©fv‡e ‡`Lv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i|

cÖ_g AvšÍR©vwZK MwVZ n‡qwQj Av‡cw¶Kfv‡e e„n`vqZ‡bi msMVbmg~n w`‡q,  cÖ_g AvšÍR©vwZK Ges wØZxq AvšÍR©vwZ‡Ki cÖwZôvi g‡a¨ cÖvq `yB `k‡Ki †Q` _vKv m‡Ë¡I cÖ_g AvšÍR©vwZ‡Ki nvRvi nvRvi m`m¨ wØZxq AvvšÍR©vwZ‡K †hvM`vb K‡iwQ‡jb| wØZxq AvšÍR©vwZ‡Ki †fZ‡i wekvj fv½‡bi d‡j Z…Zxq AvšÍR©vwZK (KwgDwb÷ B›Uvib¨vkbvj, ev KwgbUvb©) cÖwZwôZ n‡qwQj| BZvwjq †m¨vkvwj÷ cvwU©, †m‡Þ¤^i, 1919G †evjM&bv‡Z AbywôZ Gi m‡¤§j‡b KwgDwb÷ AvšÍR©vwZ‡K †hvM`v‡bi Rb¨ †fvU †`q, G‡Z 300,000 Rb m`m¨ †hvM nq| Rvgvwb©‡Z 1917†Z †m¨vkvj †W‡gvµ¨vwUK cvwU© ‡f‡½ MwVZ BwÛ‡c‡Û›U ‡m¨vkvwj÷ cvwU©I KwgDwb÷ AvšÍR©vwZ‡K †hvM`v‡bi wm×všÍ †bq, G‡Z AviI 300,000 Rb m`m¨ †hvM nq| 1920G divwm †m¨vkvwj÷ cvwU© †hvM †`q, G‡Z 140,000 Rb m`m¨ †hvM nq| Ryb 1920G eyj‡Mwiq †m¨vkvwj÷iv Awafyw³i Rb¨ †fvU †`q, G‡Z 35,478 Rb m`m¨ AšÍf©y³ nq| hy‡Mvkøvf †m¨vkvwj÷ cvwU©I GKwU MYmsMVb, GwUI †hvM ‡`q| 1920G †P‡Kv‡¯øvfvK †m¨vkvj †W‡gv‡µwUK cvwU© †f‡½ hvq, evg KwgDwb÷‡`i m‡½ A‡a©K m`m¨ P‡j Av‡m Ges 350,000 m`‡m¨i KwgDwb÷ cvwU© MVb K‡i| Rvg©vb fvlx msL¨vjNy †m¨vkvj †W‡gvµ¨vwUK cvwU©i GKwU c„_K fv½‡b AviI kw³ †hvM nq, Ges Zv‡`i GKxf~ZKi‡Yi c‡i cvwU© Zv‡`i m`m¨ 400,000 Rb e‡j `vex K‡i| 1919Gi em‡šÍ biI‡qRxq †jevi cvwU© KwgbUv‡b© †hvM`vb K‡i| myB‡W‡b fv½‡bi c‡i, †mvm¨vwj÷ cvwU©i AwaKvsk KwgbUv‡b© †hvM`vb K‡i, G‡Z AviI 17,000 Rb m`m¨ †hvM nq|¹³⁷

`ytLRbKfv‡e, 1920Gi `k‡K cÖ_gw`‡K †jwbb I Îrw¯‹i KwgDwb÷ AvšÍR©vwZK Ges 1930Gi `k‡K I wØZxq wek¦hy‡×vËi Îrw¯‹cš’x Av‡›`vj‡bi g‡a¨ e¨w³K wecøex‡`i Ae¯’vejxi †cÖ¶vc‡U K`vwPr †Kv‡bv avivevwnKZv we`¨gvb wQj| ¯Ívwj‡bi e¨vcK cÖfve Ges wnUjv‡ii f‡q wcó n‡q MY Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖv‡šÍ Îrw¯‹cš’x msMV‡b me`©vB ¶z`ª MÖæcmg~n AšÍf©y³ wQj| GBfv‡e wnUjv‡ii weR‡qi cÖv°v‡j evwj©‡b Îrw¯‹cš’x‡`i msL¨v wQj 50 Rb!¹³⁸1936Gi †¯úwbq wecøe m‡Ë¡I, 1938Gi †m‡Þ¤^‡i, PZz_© AvšÍR©vwZ‡Ki cÖwZôvKvjxb m‡¤§j‡bi wi‡c©vU Abymv‡i, †¯úwbq †mKk‡bi m`m¨ wQj 10 Ges 30 Gi g‡a¨!¹³⁹

cÖ_g, wØZxq I Z…Zxq AvšÍR©vwZKmg~n cÖwZwôZ n‡qwQj kªwgK †kªYxi AMÖMwZi ch©vqmg~‡n| Îrw¯‹cš’x msMVb¸‡jv Rb¥ †bq bvrwmev` I ¯Ívwjbev‡`i weRqKvjxb mg‡q, A_©vr kªwgK †kªYxi fqven Kvjch©v‡q| †Kb Îrw¯‹ev` wew”Qbœ I ¶gZvnxb n‡qwQj `yÕwU cÖR‡b¥i Rb¨ Ges †mRb¨ Îrw¯‹cš’x‡`i c_ nvwi‡q hvIqvi cÖeYZvq †c‡q e‡mwQj, †mwU ‡evaMg¨ bv n‡j, GKRb Aewk¨ fwel¨r m¤ú‡K© m¤ú~Y© nZvkvcÖeY Dcmsnv‡i DcbxZ n‡eb| AZx‡Zi Dcjwä GwU ¯úóvwqZ K‡i †h Îrw¯‹ev`, gvK©mev‡`i avivevwnKZvq GKwU ms‡hvM, GwUi wbR †_‡K DÌvb NU‡eB|

GLb wecøex gvK©mev` I Îrw¯‹ev‡`i AMÖMwZi cÖavb evav ¯Ívwjbev` P‡j †M‡Q| AMÖmi †`k¸‡jv‡Z cyuwRev` Avi m¤cÖmvwiZ n‡”Q bv| 1938Gi ga¨eZ©x Kg©m~Px‡Z _vKv K_v¸‡jv wQj Ôc×wZMZ mvgvwRK ms¯‹vi Ges Rbmvavi‡Yi RxebhvÎvi gv‡bi e„w× wb‡q Avi †Kv‡bv Av‡jvPbv bqÕ, myZivs G¸‡jv Avevi ev¯ÍeZvi m‡½ mvhyR¨c~Y© n‡”Q|<sup>140</sup>Îrw¯‹ KZ…©K DÌvwcZ ¯’vqx wecø‡ei aªæcw` ZË¡  G‡RÛv‡Z cÖZ¨veZ©b Ki‡Q, hv 1998 Gi B‡›`v‡bwkq wecø‡e †`Lv †M‡Q|

Îqx e¨vL¨v K‡i †Kb GKUv mgq, GKUv `xN© mg‡qi Rb¨ we`¨gvb e¨e¯’vÑcyuwRev` wU‡KwQj, hw`I GwU KwZcq QÙ‡e‡k Awf‡hvwRZ nq| GKB mg‡q GwU (Îqx) me©`v †mB cÖwµqvi w`‡K Av‡jvKcvZ K‡i †hwU GB ¯’vqxZ¡‡K µgvMZ `ye©j K‡i: KL‡bv wKQz mg‡qi Rb¨ GB cÖwµqv¸‡jv AvYweK ch©v‡q _v‡K Ges evB‡i †_‡K K`vwPr `„k¨gvb nq| wKš‘ PzovšÍfv‡e cwigvY ¸‡Y iƒcvšÍwiZ nq Ges mvgwMÖKfv‡e e¨e¯’vwUB msKU I Aw¯’wZkxjZv w`‡q Av‡jvwoZ nq| ZLb, gvK©m †hgbwU e‡jb, gvbweKZv ÔGi Avmb †_‡K DwÌZ n‡e Ges mdjZvi m‡½ wPrKvi K‡i ej‡e, Òh‡_ó Z`šÍK…Z n‡q‡Q, †n e„× ¸ßPi!ÓÕ¹⁴¹

Z_¨ wb‡`©k:

1|         Kvj© gvK©m, d«v‡Ý M„nhy× (g‡¯‹v, 1977)|

2|        Gj Îrw¯‹, iPbvejx 1934-1935 (wbD BqK©, 1974), c„t 181-182|

3|        Gj Îrw¯‹, iPbvejx 1933-1934 (wbD BqK©, 1975), c„t 316|

4|        Gj Îrw¯‹, iPbvejx 1935-1936 (wbD BqK©, 1977), c„t 260|

5|        Gj Îrw¯‹, gvK©mev‡`i mg_©‡b (In defence of Marxism) (jÛb,1971), c„t 16-17|

6|        WvweøI †iBRbvi (m¤úvt), PZz_© AvšÍR©vwZ‡Ki `wjjcÎvw` (wbDBqK©, 1973), c„t 183|

7|        Gg wKWªb, hy‡×vËi cwðgv cyuwRev`,(jÛb, 1970), c„t 11

8|        Uwb wK¬d I wW MøvK‡÷Bb, †jevi cvwU©: GKwU gvK©mev`x BwZnvm (jÛb, 1988), c„t 227

9|        cÖv¸³, c„t 253

10|       Gj Îrw¯‹, iPbvejx 1938-39 (wbDBqK©, 1974), c„t 78

11|       Gj Îrw¯‹, iPbvejx 1937-38(wbDBqK©, 1974), c„t 27

12|       Gj Îrw¯‹, iPbvejx 1938-39(wbDBqK©, 1974), op cit, c„t 87

13|       ‡`Lyb Uwb  wK¬d, Îrw¯‹: ivZ hZ Mfxi Zviv ZZ D¾¡j (jÛb, 1993), c„t 198

14|       cÖv¸³, c„t 383

15|       cÖv¸³, c„t 109

16|       GB wee„wZwU b‡f¤^i 1945G †`qv nq, †`Lyb †R wc K¨vbb, ÔgvwK©b kZvewãÕ†Z mgvRZ‡š¿i Rb¨ msMÖvg (wbDBqK©, 1977), c„t 200

17|       PZz_© AvšÍR©vwZK, Ryb 1946|

18|       cÖv¸³

19|       PZz_© AvšÍR©vwZK, Ryb 1946

20|      B Rvi‡gb (†g‡Ûj), hy‡×vËi †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb, PZz_© AvšÍR©vwZK, ‡m‡Þ¤^i 1946

21|       PZz_© AvšÍR©vwZK, Ryb 1948

22|      PZz_© AvšÍR©vwZK, AvM÷ 1948

23|      Uwb wK¬‡di DׄwZ, IqvwksUbI bv g‡¯‹vI bv (jÛb, 1982), c„t 84-85

24|      ‡`Lyb Ôhy‡Mvkøvwfqvi †kªYx PwiÎÕ, International Information Bulletin Gi A‡±vei 1949 msL¨vq cÖKvwkZ|

25|      GjGjGmwc Gi Af¨šÍixY ey‡jwUb, wm‡jvb, GwcÖj 1954, c„t 7

26|      cÖv¸³, c„t 15

27|      ievU© †R Av‡jKRvÛvi, AvšÍR©vwZK Îrw¯‹ev` (Wvinvg I jÛb, 1991), c„t 664

28|      cÖv¸³, c„t 334

29|      cÖv¸³, c„t 663-664

30|      PZz_© AvšÍR©vwZK, Ryb 1946

31|       cÖv¸³

32|      cÖv¸³

33|      cÖv¸³

34|      cÖv¸³

35|      B Rvi‡gBb (†g‡Ûj), ÔBD‡ivcxq wecø‡ei cÖ_g ch©vqÕ, PZz_© AvšÍR©vwZK, AvM÷ 1946

36|      B Rvi‡gBb (†g‡Ûj), ÔBD‡ivcxq wecø‡ei mgm¨vejxÕ, PZz_© AvšÍR©vwZK, †m‡Þ¤^i 1946

37|      B Rvi‡gBb (†g‡Ûj), ‘From the ABC to Current Reading: Boom, Revival or Crisis?’ A_©‰bwZK cyiæ×v‡ii mv¶¨cÖgvY A¯^xKviKi‡Y †g‡Û‡ji cÖ‡Póv- GwU Uwb wK¬d cÖZ¨vLvb K‡ib Zuvi ‘All that glitters is not gold’ wk‡ivbv‡gi GKwU wbe‡Ü hv gyw`ªZ nq Uwb wK¬d, IqvwksUbI bv g‡¯‹vI bv, op cit, c„t 24-39

38|      cÖv¸³, c„t 61

39|      Kvj© gvK©m I wd«WwiL G‡½jm, KwgDwb÷ Bk‡Znvi, (‡eBwRs, 1990), c„t 59

40|      wd«WwiL G‡½jm, Gw›U Wywis, (g‡¯‹v, 1975), c„t 336

41|       ‡ivRv jv‡·geyM©, Gesammelte Werke, LÛ 3 (evwj©b, GbwW), c„t 63-64

42|      GB hyw³i we¯Ívi‡Yi Rb¨ †`Lyb, Uwb wK¬d, IqvwksUbI bv g‡¯‹vI bv, op cit, c„t 65-66

43|      cÖv¸³, c„t 66-67

44|      Gj Îrw¯‹, ‡mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi weKv‡ki mgm¨vejx: iæk cÖ‡kœ AvšÍR©vwZK evg we‡ivax‡`i w_wmmmg~‡ni Lmov (wbD BqK©, 1931), c„t 36

45|      bqv AvšÍR©vwZK, GwcÖj 1943

46|      cÖv¸³

47|      ‡`Lyb, D`vniY wn‡m‡e, Gj Îrw¯‹, `v ‡ifyjy¨kb we‡UªBW (wbD BqK©, 1974), c„t 289

48|      Kvj© gvK©m, `k©‡bi `vwi`ª¨ (jÛb, GbwW), c„t 129-130

49|      cÖv¸³, c„t 161

50|      Kvj© gvK©m, Av KbwUªweDkb Uz `v wµwUK Ae cwjwUK¨vj B‡Kvbwg (wkKv‡Mv, 1918), c„t 285-286

51|       Uwb wK¬d, ivwkqv‡Z ivóªxq cyuwRev`(jÛb, 1988), c„t 221-222

52|      cÖv¸³, c„t 165-166

53|      Gj Îrw¯‹, `v ‡ifyjy¨kb we‡UªBW, op cit, c„t 6

54|      B †g‡Ûj, in Quatrieme Internationale, msL¨v 14, 1956

55|      Uwb wK¬d, Ô¯Ívwjwbq ivwkqvi †kªYx PwiÎÕ (jÛb, 1948), c„t 134-135

56|      cÖv¸³

57|      Uwb wK¬d, ivwkqv: GKwU gvK©mev`x we‡kølY(jÛb, 1964), c„t 197-198

58|      cÖv¸³, c„t 198

59|      cÖv¸³, c„t 240

60|      cÖv¸³, c„t 198

61|       cÖv¸³, c„t 256

62|      cÖv¸³, c„t 256

63|      cÖv¸³, c„t 254

64|      cÖv¸³, c„t 257

65|      cÖv¸³, c„t 248-249

66|      cÖv¸³, c„t 250-254

67|      cÖv¸³, c„t 273-274

68|      cÖv¸³, c„t 283

69|      cÖv¸³, c„t 309-310

70|      wjqb Îrw¯‹, `v †ifyjy¨kb we‡UªBW, op cit, c„t 8

71|       K‡gKb eø‡Ki RvZxq Avq wb‡¤œv³ nv‡i e„w× cvq: 1951-55, 10.8%; 1956-60, 8.5%; 1961-65, 6%; 1966-70, 7.4%; 1971-75, 6.4%; 1976-80, 4.1%; 1981-85, 3%; 1986-88, 3%| Statisticjeskii ezhegodnik stran- Chlenov soveta ekonomicheskoi vzaimoponoshechi (g‡¯‹v, 1989) c„t 18|

72|      wdbvbwmqvj UvBgm, 12 †g 1992| 

73|      Gj Îrw¯‹, iPbvejx 1933-34, op cit, c„t 102-103|

74|      Gg nvBqvbm, Ô‡kªYx I msKU: c~e© BD‡iv‡ci iƒcvšÍiÕ, B›Uvib¨vkbvj †mvk¨vwjRg 54, emšÍ 1992, c„t 46-47|

75|      cÖv¸³, c„t 90

76|      cÖv¸³, c„t 69

77|      Uwb wK¬d, ivwkqv‡Z ivóªxq cyuwRev`, op cit, c„t 221-222

78|      Uwb wK¬d, ÔwddwU dvBf Bqvim Av †ifyjyk¨vwiÕ, †mvk¨vwj÷ wiwfI 100, †g 1987

79|      ‡`Lyb, D`vniY wn‡m‡e, B †g‡Ûj, †jBU K¨vwcUvwjRg (jÛb, 1975)

80|      Uwb wK¬d, ÔPK PK Ki‡jB †mvbv nq bvÕ, op cit, c„t 24-37

81|       ‡R †÷ªwP, cÖMwZi Rb¨ Kg©m~Px (jÛb, 1940), c„t 210-211

82|      G µmj¨vÛ, mgvRZ‡š¿i fwel¨r (jÛb 1956)

83|      cÖv¸³, c„t 37

84|      cÖv¸³, c„t 32-33

85|      cÖv¸³, c„t 23

86|      cÖv¸³, c„t 520-522

87|      ‡`Lyb Uwb wK¬d, Ô¯Ívwjwbq ivwkqvi †kªYx PwiÎÕ, op cit, c„t 121-122

88|      cÖv¸³, c„t 121-125

89|      Uwb wK¬d, Ô¯’vqx hy× A_©bxwZi Rb¨ †cÖ¶vcUÕ, †mvk¨vwj÷ wiwfI, gvP© 1957, cybg©yw`ªZ, Uwb wK¬d, IqvwksUbI bq g‡¯‹vI bq, op cit,c„t 101-107

90|      DׄwZK…Z cÖv¸³, c„t 101

91|       Gd ÷vb©evM©, K¨vwcUvwjRg GÛ †mvk¨vwjRg Ab Uªvqvj (jÛb, 1951), c„t 438

92|      Kvj© gvK©m, cyuwR, LÛ wZb, Aa¨vq 30: Ôgvwb K¨vwcUvj GÛ wiqvj K¨vwcUvjÕ (g‡¯‹v, 1959), c„t 484

93|      Uwb wK¬d, Ô¯Ívwjwbq ivwkqvi †kªYx PwiÎÕ, op cit, c„t 121-125; Uwb wK¬d, IqvwksUbI bi g‡¯‹vI bq, op cit, c„t 106-107

94|      cÖv¸³, c„t 107

95|      cÖv¸³, c„t 107

96|      cÖv¸³, c„t 107

97|      wdbvbwmqvj UvBgm, 4 ‡m‡Þ¤^i 1998

98|      ¯’vqx A¯¿ A_©bxwZi weKv‡k Av‡iv e„n`vq‡bi c`‡¶c †bb gvBK wKWªb Ges wµm nvig¨vb| †`Lyb Gg wKWªb, I‡q÷vb© K¨vwcUvwjRg wmÝ `v Iqvi (jÛb, 1970) Ges GKwU ¯’vqx A¯¿ A_©bxwZ (jÛb, 1989), Ges wm wµmg¨vb, msK‡Ui e¨vL¨vqb (jÛb, 1984)

99|      Avi wm b_©, Kz‡qvwgsUvs GÛ PvBwbR KwgDwb÷ GwjUm (÷¨vb‡d©vW, 1962), c„t 32

100|     GBP Avi AvBR¨vKm, Pxb wecø‡ei Uª¨v‡RwW(jÛb, 1938), c„t 333

101|     cÖv¸³, c„t 394

102|     Iqvj©W wbDR GÛ wfDR, 22 GwcÖj, 1939

103|     Gm †RjWvi, Pxbv KwgDwb÷ (jÛb, 1946), c„t 1267

104|     ‡`Lyb KwgDwb÷ Bk‡Znvi, PzbwKs‡q cÖKvwkZ, 23 b‡f¤^i 1938, wbD BqK© UvBgm G wi‡cvU©K…Z, 24 b‡f¤^i 1938

105|     GBP Avi AvBR¨vKm, op cit, c„t 456

106|     wbD Pvqbv wbDR G‡RwÝ, 11 Rvbyqvwi 1949

107|     cÖv¸³, 3 †g 1949

108|     wbD BqK© UvBgm, 25 †g 1949

109|     mvD_ Pvqbv gwb©s †cv÷, 17 A‡±vei 1949

110|     wm ivBU, wj‡mb BqvswK, (wbD BqK©, 1960), c„t 47

111|     wc G e¨vivb, wi‡d¬·bm Ab `v wKDevb †ify¨wjDkb (wbD BqK©, 1961), c„t 17|

112|     `v KwgDwb÷ cvwU© Ae wKDev, `v wccjm †mvk¨vwj÷ cvwU©i A‡bK weåvwšÍ Av‡Q| GwU 1939 I 1946Gi ga¨Kvi evwZ¯Ívi kvmb‡K mg_©b †`q| GwUi evwZ¯Ívi cÖ_g gwš¿mfvq `ywU gš¿xmn Ask †bq| 1944G KwgDwb÷ cwÎKv Hoy evwZ¯Ív‡K AwfwnZ K‡i Gfv‡e: RbM‡Yi AvBWj, Avgv‡`i RvZxq cwjwmmg~‡ni gnvb e¨w³Z¡, GKRb gvbyl whwb bqv wKDevi cweÎ ms¯‹vi Kg©m~Pxmg~n‡K g~wZ©gvb iƒc †`bÕ| Kv‡¯¿v‡K †NvlYv Kiv nq GKRb †cwUey‡R©vqv AwfhvwÎK wn‡m‡e| †hgbwU Dc‡i DׄZ, KwgDwb÷MY GwcÖj 1958Gi ag©N‡U mnvqZv K‡iwb| 28 Ryb 1958Gi †kl ch©šÍ Zviv evwZ¯Ív †_‡K gyw³ †c‡Z `ye©jfv‡e Ô¯^”Q MYZvwš¿K wbe©vPbÕGi c‡¶ DKvjwZ K‡i| †`Lyb wc G e¨vivb, op cit

113|     1961Gi 1 wW‡m¤^‡i K¨v‡¯¿vi e³…Zv, ÔGj gyb‡`v jv nvevbvÕ, 22 wW‡m¤^i 1961

114|     ‡P ¸‡qfviv, ÔwKDev: G·‡mckbvj †KBm?Õ, gvb¯’wj wiwfI (wbD BqK©), RyjvB-AvM÷ 1961, c„t 59

115|     wU Wª¨vcvi, ÔK¨v‡¯¿vÕm wKDev| Av †ifyjyk¨b we‡UªBW?Õ, GbKvD›Uvi (jÛb), gvP© 1961

116|     ‡P ¸‡qfviv, op cit, c„t 63

117|     Gj Îrw¯‹, ¯’vqx wecøe (wbD BqK©, 1978), c„t 278

118|     cÖv¸³, c„t 279

119|     wU wK¬d, ÔwWd‡j‡±W cvigv‡b›U †ifyjykbÕ, B›Uvibvkb¨vk †mvk¨vwjRg 12 (cÖ_g wmwiR) G cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ, emšÍKvj 1963

120|     GBfv‡e, D`vniY¯^iƒc fvi‡Z GKwU Rwi‡ci K_v D‡jøL Kiv hvq hv‡Z †`Lv ‡M‡Q †h jv‡¶èŠ wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K 1949 Ges 1953Gi g‡a¨ gvbweK, weÁvb, evwbR¨ I AvB‡b gv÷vm© wWwMÖ cvIqv QvÎQvÎx‡`i g‡a¨ kZKiv cuwPk Rb †eKvi wQj 1957-‡ZI| Rwi‡c Av‡iv wi‡cvUK…Z nq †h D`vi‰bwZK gvbwe‡Ki kZKiv 47 Rb, weÁv‡bi kZKiv 51.4 Rb, evwb‡R¨i kZKiv 7 Rb, Ges wk¶vweÁv‡bi kZKiv 85.7 Rb QvÎQvÎx e‡j †h Zviv wek¦we`¨vj‡q Aa¨qb Ki‡Z hvq miKvwi PvKzwii Rb¨ `iKvwi †hvM¨Zv Ki‡Z| wWwMÖavix‡`i cÖvq kZKiv 51 Rb Dcmsnvi Uv‡b †h wek¦we`¨vjq wk¶v n‡jv Ômg‡qi AcPqÕ| Gg †fBbvi, cvwU© cwjwUKm Bb BbwWqv (wcÖÝUb, 1957), c„t 8-10

121|     wf Avjfv, Ô`v wgWj K¬vm †ifyjykbÕ, wbD cwjwUKm (wbD BqK©), DB›Uvi 1962, c„t 71

122|     wR wW Ifvi w÷ªU I Gg DBÛgvBjvi, KwgDwbRg Bb BwÛqv (evK©wj GÛ jm G‡Ä‡jm, 1959), c„t 540

123|     cÖv¸³, c„t358

124|     wR †Kvj‡Kv, `v cwjwUKm (wbD BqK©, 1968) c„t 77

125|     cÖv¸³, c„t 77

126|     cÖv¸³, c„t 78

127|     AvB evqviPj, †eBwjs AvDU `v wm‡÷g (jÛb, 1986), c„t 39-40

128|     wR †Kvj‡Kv, op cit,c„t 95

129|     wc †eªvDI, Ô`v BZvwjqvb KwgDwb÷ cvwU©, `v Iqvi GÛ `v †ifyjykbÕ, †ifyjykbvwi wn‡÷vwi, w¯cÖs 1995, c„t 111

130|     wc wMÝevM©, Av wn‡÷vwi Ae K‡›U‡¤úvivwi BUvwj (jÛb, 1990), c„t 22

131|     cÖv¸³, c„t 64

132|     cÖv¸³, c„t 68

133|     wc †eªvDI, op cit, c„t 112

134|     wc wMÝevM©, op cit, c„t42-43

135|     cÖv¸³, c„t 52

136|     Wwb Møv‡K‡÷B‡bi evievwiRg: bvwR KvD›Uvi †ifyjy¨kb, K¨vwcUvwjRg GÛ `v IqvwK©s K¬vm (jÛb, 1999), GB cy¯ÍKwUi Ici wfwË K‡i GB AskwU wjwLZ

137|     Uwb wK¬d, ‡jwbb: †ifyjy¨kb wewmRW (jÛb, 1987), c„t 216-218

138|     Uwb wK¬d, Îrw¯‹: `v WvK©vi `v bvBU `v eªvBUvi `v ÷vi, op cit, M„t 155

139|     cÖv¸³, c„t 286

140|     Gj Îrw¯‹, `v †W_ G‡Mvwb Ae K¨vwcUvwjRg GÛ `v Uv¯‹m Ae `v †dv_© B›Uvib¨vkbvj (jÛb, 1980)

141|     ‡K gvK©m I Gd G‡½jm, msM„wnZ iPbvejx, LÛ 11 (g‡¯‹v, 1979), c„t 185| DׄwZwU †m·wcqv‡ii †ng‡jU, G± 1, `„k¨ 5 †_‡K|