দ্বান্দ্বিক জীববিজ্ঞান: ক্যামিলা রয়োলের প্রতি জবাব

Øvw›ØK RxeweÁvb: K¨vwgjv i‡qv‡ji cÖwZ Reve

g~j: ‡Uwi mywjfvb   Abyev`: m g AvRv`

gvK©mev` Ges mgv‡Ri mgvRZvwš¿K iƒcvšÍ‡ii Rb¨ msMÖv‡g Øvw›ØKZv GKwU ‡Kw›`ªq aviYv| GB Rvb©v‡j mv¤úªwZK mg‡q cÖK…wZi Øvw›ØKZv Ges we‡kl K‡i RxeweÁv‡b Øvw›ØKZvi Ici K¨vwgjv i‡qvj wjwLZ GKwU cÖeÜ cÖKvwkZ nq| GB cÖeÜwU‡K Avgv‡`i ¯^vMZg Rvbv‡bv DwPZ|  

i‡qv‡ji cÖe‡Üi mv‡_ GKgZ nIqvi A‡bK wKQzB Av‡Q, †hgb GKwU e¨e¯’v †h cwieZ©bmg~‡ni ga¨ w`‡q hvq †m¸‡jv‡K cwiPvwjZ K‡i Gi Af¨šÍixY Ø›Ømg~n (contradictions) Ges Avgv‡`i †KejgvÎ GB Ø›Ømg~n‡K wPwýZ Ki‡jB n‡e bv mv‡_ mv‡_ G‡`i ga¨Kvi †gKvwbRgmg~n‡K Abyaveb Ki‡Z n‡e| AwaKš‘,ÒDc‡hvMx MVbÓ (niche construction) (wb‡P †`Lyb) Gi Ici RxeweÁvbx wiPvW© †j‡qvw›U‡bi Kv‡Ri D‡jøL ¯úóvwqZ K‡i †h RxeweÁv‡b AšÍZ GKwU cwieZ©‡bi Øvw›ØK c¨vUv‡b©i D`vniY i‡q‡Q|

hv‡nvK, KZ¸‡jv welq Av‡Q †hLv‡b Zuvi we‡kølY ‡Rvi`vi Kiv †h‡Zv| D`vniY¯^iƒc,  Øvw›ØKZvi G‡Kev‡i g‡g© wbwnZ Av‡Q Ø›Ø (contradiction)Ñ Zuvi GB ؇›Øi eY©bv Av‡iv †eMevb Kiv †h‡Zv ¯^qs gvK©m I G‡½j‡mi ‡jLv‡jwLi mnvqZv wb‡q| AwaKš‘, Av‡iv wKQz ‡ÿÎ Av‡Q †hLv‡b wZwb åvšÍ e‡j Avwg g‡b Kwi| Avwg Av‡iv hyw³ Øviv cÖgvYKi‡Yi my‡hvM †be †h `ywbqvUv DcjwäKi‡Y  Øvw›ØKZv Kxfv‡e mnvqZv K‡i,GwU GKwU AbymÜvbg~jK wWfvBm wn‡m‡e me‡_‡K ‡evaMg¨ nq, A_©vr, mv`vgvUvfv‡e, mgm¨vejx mgvav‡bi Rb¨ GwU GKwU cÖwµqv ev c×wZ wKš‘ GwU mwVK mgvav‡bi wbðqZv bq|

Øvw›ØKZv: cwieZ©b, mvgwMÖKZv Ges Ø›Ø   

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GgbwK ‡hLv‡b Øvw›ØKZv mgvR Aa¨q‡b cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq, ‡mLv‡bI mve©Rbxbfv‡e GKgZ nIqv hvqwb †h  Øvw›ØKZv Kx A_ev wK‡mi Rb¨ e¨eüZ n‡e| GB Av‡jv‡K Øvw›ØK RxeweÁvb we‡ePbvKi‡Yi c~‡e© GwU we‡ePbv Kiv †K‡Rv †h Kxfv‡e gvK©m I G‡½jm Øvw›ØKZv‡K Dcjwä K‡ib Ges e¨envi K‡ib| `yf©vM¨RbKfv‡e welqwU GKRb †hfv‡e B”Qv‡cvlY K‡ib ‡miKgwU mv`vwm`v bq| 1858G G‡½jm‡K GKwU wPwV‡Z gvK©m †j‡Lb: Òhw` Gai‡bi Kv‡Ri my‡hvM Avevi cvIqv †h‡Zv, Zvn‡j Qvcvi Aÿ‡ii `yB ev wZb c„ôvq Avwg mvaviY gvbe eyw×i AwaMg¨ K‡i †n‡Mj Avwe®‹…Z c×wZwU‡Z hv †hŠw³K Zv wjLZvg, †hwU‡K wZwb GKB mg‡q inm¨ev` w`‡q wN‡i iv‡Lb|Ó hv‡nvK, gvK©m KL‡bv Zvui B‡”QwU‡K ev¯Í‡e iƒcvwqZ Ki‡Z mgq cvbwb| Zv m‡Ë¡I, wewfbœ RvqMvq Zvui Øvw›ØK c×wZi Ici Zvrch©c~Y© wee„wZ i‡q‡Q, ‡hgb A Contribution to the Critique of Political EconomyGi gyLe‡Ü, cyuwR MÖ‡š’i cÖ_g ms¯‹i‡Yi gyLe‡Ü, cyuwR MÖ‡š’I wØZxq L‡Ûi AfterwordG Ges G‡½j‡mi mv‡_ †hŠ_fv‡e wjwLZ The German Ideology Gi cÖ_g As‡k| ؇›Øi aviYvq wd‡i hvIqvi c~‡e© cÖ_‡g Avwg cwieZ©b Ges c‡i mvgMÖxKZv we‡ePbv Ki‡ev|

gvK©m I G‡½j‡mi Ø›Ø ZË¡ aviY K‡i †h Aw¯ÍZ¡kxj cÖcÂmg~n we‡ePbvK…Z nq GKwU Pjgvb cÖwµqvi (continuing process) ch©vqmg~niƒ‡c| G‡½jm ‡j‡Lb †h †n‡M‡ji `k©‡bi ÒAZy¨”P ¸YÓ n‡jv:

cÖ_g ev‡ii gZb cÖvK…wZK, HwZnvwmK, eyw×e„wËK mgMÖ `ywbqv‡K MY¨ Kiv nq GKwU cÖwµqv wn‡m‡e,A_©vr mZZ MwZ, cwieZ©b, iƒcvšÍi, weKv‡ki ga¨ w`‡q; Ges Af¨šÍwiY ms‡hvM wPwýZKi‡Yi cÖ‡Póv Kiv nq hv GB mKj Av‡›`vjb I weKv‡ki GKwU avivevwnK mgMÖ ˆZix K‡i|

GKBfv‡e cyuwR MÖ‡š’i wØZxq Rvg©vb ms¯‹i‡Yi AfterwordG gvK©m Aby‡gv`bmn GKRb iæk wiwfIKvix KZ…©K Zuvi c×wZi eY©bvi D×…wZ †`b,  whwb ch©‡eÿY K‡ib †h ÒGUv ejv hvq, A_©‰bwZK Rxe‡bi mvaviY wbqgvejx GKwU Ges GKB, GwU †Kv‡bv welq bv †h †m¸‡jv eZ©gvb A_ev AZx‡Z cÖ‡qvMK…Z nq| GwU gvK©m mivmwi cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡ib| Zuvi g‡Z, G ai‡bi weg~Z© wbqgvejxi Aw¯ÍÍZ¡ †bB| wecixZ µ‡g, Zuvi AwfgZ n‡jv cÖ‡Z¨K HwZnvwmK Kvjc‡e©i wbR¯^ wbqgvejx Av‡QÓ| GBfv‡e, gvK©‡mi Rb¨ GwU g‡b nq †h ‡KejgvÎ mgvRB cwieZ©‡bi aªæe Ae¯’vq (in a constant state of flux) we`¨gvb _v‡K bv, m‡½ m‡½ mgvRmg~n cwiPvwjZ K‡i †Lv` †h wbqg¸‡jv ‡m¸‡jvI cwieZ©‡bi welq| AwaKš‘ Aw¯ÍZ¡gvb cÖc¸”Q‡K GKwU avivevwnK cÖwµqvi ch©vqmg~n wn‡m‡e MY¨KiY †Kvbµ‡gB cÖ‡Z¨KwU Ask GKwU mg‡MÖi Dcvsk wn‡m‡e we‡ePbvKi‡Yi †P‡q EY ¸iæZ¡c~Y© bq| mvgMÖxKZv Øviv gvK©m ‡gvUvgywUfv‡e GB A_© K‡ib †h hLb ‡Kv‡bv cÖc‡K we‡ePbv Kiv nq, ZLb GUv‡K Aewk¨ ¯^xK…wZ w`‡Z n‡e †h cÖ‡Z¨KwU AvcvZ cÖZxqgvb c„_K Dcv`vb (separate element) cÖK…Z c‡ÿ GKwU mg‡MÖi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z| cyuwRMÖ‡š’i wØZxq L‡Û gvK©m evievi Zuvi AbymÜv‡bi c×wZi ˆewk¦K w`‡Ki D‡jøL K‡ib| gvK©‡mi g‡Z †h †Kv‡bv A_©‰bwZK Kg© hZB gvgywj †nvK bv †Kb, ‡hgb µq A_ev weµq hv w`‡b wewjqb wewjqb evi msNwUZ nq, Zv Am”Q cÖZxqgvb nq, hw` bv mgMÖ cyuwRZvwš¿K e¨e¯’vi ‡cÖÿvc‡U we‡ePbv bv Kiv nq| wZwb ‡j‡Lb:

cÖ‡Z¨KwU e¨w³K cyuwRi iƒcmg~n, hv GKwU e¨w³K…Z fMœvsk, †h fMœvsk e¨w³K Rxe‡bi mv‡_ Ir‡cÖZfv‡e RwoZ, GB iƒcmg~n †hb mvgwóK mvgvwRK cyuwRi Abyl½, †hgb cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³K cyuwRcwZ cyuwRcwZ †kÖwYi ¯^vZwš¿K Ask Qvov Avi wKQz&B bq| mvgvwRK cyuwRi mÂvj‡b (movement) AšÍf©y³ _v‡K Gi e¨w³K…Z fMœvswkK Askmg~‡ni mÂvjbmg~‡ni mvgMÖxKZv, hv n‡jv ¯^vZwš¿K cyuwRmg~‡ni Uvb©Ifvi| wVK †hgb ¯^vZwš¿K c‡Y¨i iƒcvšÍi (metamorphosis of the individual commodity) n‡jv cY¨-we‡k¦i iƒcvšÍimg~‡ni GKwU ms‡hvM| cY¨mg~‡ni mÂvjb Ges myZivs ¯^vZwš¿K cyuwR Ges Gi Uvb©Ifvi n‡jv mvgvwRK cyuwR KZ…©K eY©bvK…Z mvwK©‡U GKwU ms‡hvM| Ab¨ K_vq, hw` Avgiv cyuwRi ¯^vZwš¿K Pvb&Kmg~‡ni mÂvjb Dcjwä Ki‡Z PvB Z‡e Avgv‡`i Aewk¨ eyS‡Z n‡e †h ‡m¸‡jvi mÂvjbmg~n cÖK„Zc‡ÿ GKwU GKK cÖwµqvi Ask Ges GBfv‡eB Zv‡`i m¤ú‡K© Dcjwä Kiv hv‡e|

Øvw›ØKZvi Z…Zxq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© w`K n‡jv Ø›Ø, Ges GKevi GwU‡K  mvgMÖxKZvi †cÖÿvc‡U ¯’&vcb K‡i i‡qvj mwVK wQ‡jb GB hyw³ cÖ`vb K‡i †h ÒAf¨šÍixY Ø›Ømg~n cwieZ©b‡K mvg‡bi w`‡K avweZ K‡i Ges Avgiv †h MwZkxjZv (dynamism) ch©‡eÿY Kwi Zvi w`‡K Pvjbv K‡i| wZwb ؇›Øi aviYvi wPÎKí †`b ‡WwfW nvi‡fi GKwU `„óv‡šÍi gva¨‡g: wZwb hyw³ †`b †h weªwUk †jevi cvwU©  GKwU ey‡R©vqv msMVb cÖavYZ kÖwgK †kÖYxi m`m¨Zv mn| Gi Ø›Øg~jK cÖK„wZ (contradictory nature) DcjwäKi‡Y wZwb †Rvi ‡`b †h  nvi‡fi `„wófw½ ÒØ›Ømg~‡ni cÖK…Z Dcw¯’wZ‡K ¯^xK…wZ †`q wKš‘ †m¸‡jv Kxfv‡e weKwkZ nq Zvi †KŠkjmg~n A‡š^lY K‡i|Ó GBfv‡e ‡jevi cvwU©i Ø›Øg~jK cÖK…wZ DcjwäKi‡Y Avgv‡`i Aewk¨ ¯^xKvi Ki‡Z n‡e †h GwU Ggb GKUv mg‡q Aw¯ÍZ¡gvb nq hLb kÖwgKMY ms¯‹viev`x aviYvejx Ges cvwU©mg~‡ni w`‡K avweZ nq Ges  D`xqgvb Kj¨vY ivóª cuywRi Askmg~‡ni wbKU ewa©ZgvÎvq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© n‡q D‡V|

i‡qvj GB ‡Rvi w`‡q mwVK KvRwU K‡ib †h Ø›Ømg~‡ni A‡š^lY I ¯^xK…wZB h‡_ó bq Avgv‡`i Aewk¨ Zv‡`i mv‡_ RwoZ †KŠkjmg~n DcjwäKiY A‡š^lY Ki‡Z n‡e| hv‡nvK, GUv jÿ¨KiY Riæix †h GwUB n‡jv gvK©m I G‡½j‡mi wb‡R‡`i mwVK `„wófw½, hv Avwg wb‡P †`Lv‡ev| AwaKš‘, Avwg hyw³ w`‡Z B”QzK †h gvK©m I G‡½j‡mi GgbwK ؇›Øi aviYvi Ici AwaKZi mg„× eY©bv i‡q‡Q|

Rvg©vb fvev`‡k© gvK©m I G‡½jm †j‡Lb †h G ch©šÍ mgvR me©`v weKwkZ n‡q‡Q ؇›Øi †d«gIqv‡K©i †fZ‡iÑ cÖvPxb Kv‡j wd«g¨vb I `vm‡`i mv‡_ Ø›Ø, ga¨hy‡M AwfRvZ I mvd©‡`i gv‡S, AvaywbK Kv‡j ey‡R©vqv †kÖwY I ‡cÖv‡jZvwi‡qZ‡`i gv‡S| gvK©m I G‡½j‡mi ؇›Øi aviYv wZbwU cÖavb AwfgyL i‡q‡Q| cÖ_gwU n‡jv GB †h Ø›Ø ÒwecixZmg~nÓGi mgvnvi| Zviv GB A‡_© wecixZ †h Zviv n‡jv ci¯úiwe‡ivax ai‡bi, G‡K Aci †_‡K m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c c„_K| hv‡nvK, Zviv AwaKZi ‡Rviv‡jv A‡_©I wecixZ, A_©vr Ø›Ømg~‡ni aviYvejx A_ev ‡giæmg~n Avw¯ÍwZ¡Kfv‡e (existentially) G‡K Ac‡ii Rb¨ kZ©¯^iƒc cÖ‡qvRbxq| A_©vr, ؇›Øi †giæmg~n G‡K Ac‡ii Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Ges G‡K Aci †_‡K  wew”Qbœfv‡e (in isolation) AwPšÍbxq (inconceivable)| D`vniY¯^iƒc, wbKU‡K Kgc‡ÿ Bw½‡Z Dcjwä Ki‡Z n‡j `~i‡K Dcjwä Ki‡Z n‡e| GKBfv‡e ey‡R©vqvRx A_ev cyuwRZvwš¿K †kÖYx‡K eyS‡Z n‡j ‡cÖv‡jZvwi‡qZ ev kÖwgK †kÖYx‡K eyS‡Z n‡e| cyuwRZvwš¿Kiv A_©‰bwZK Drcv`‡bi Dcvqmg~‡ni gvwjK Ges G¸‡jv‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i wKš‘ Kv‡R wb‡qvRZKi‡Y `iKvwi kÖgkw³i gvwjK Zviv bq| eis  Zv‡`i `iKvi Ab¨ †kÖYxi A_©vr ‡cÖv‡jZvwi‡qZ‡`i, †h †kÖYxwUi †eu‡P _vK‡Z Gi kÖgkw³ weµ‡qi `iKvi nq| ms‡ÿ‡c,  cyuwRcwZ‡`i Aw¯Í‡Z¡i Rb¨ ‡mLv‡b Aewk¨ kÖwgK‡`i _vK‡Z n‡e Ges kÖwgK‡`i Aw¯Í‡Z¡i Rb¨ †mLv‡b Aewk¨ cyuwRcwZ‡`i _vK‡Z n‡e|     

؇›Øi aviYvi wØZxq we‡kl w`K n‡jv GB †h GKUv Dcvq Av‡Q hvi mvnv‡h¨ ؇›Øi `ywU †giæ G‡K Aci‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i, A_©vr Zv‡`i g‡a¨ GKwU wdWe¨vK †KŠkj we`¨gvb| GwU GKwU `iKvwi c‡q›U hv nv‡f©‡K AbymiY K‡i i‡qvj ‰Zix K‡ib| hLb wbKU I `~i‡K GKwU ؇›Øi `ywU †giæ wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq, ZLb †Kv‡bv wdWe¨vK ‡KŠkj we`¨gvb _v‡K bv| †Kv‡bv †KŠkj _v‡K bv †hwU G‡K Aci‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i| hv‡nvK, gvK©‡mi g‡Z A‡bK Ø›Ømg~‡ni †gi渇jvi g‡a¨ G ai‡bi ‡KŠkj we`¨gvb| D`vniY¯^iƒc, kÖwgK‡kÖYx Ges cyuwRcwZ †kÖYxi g‡a¨ cÖwZwµqv †KŠkj (feedback mechanism) n‡jv †kÖYx msMÖvg| GUv †Lqvj Kiv Riæix †h ؇›Øi cÖ‡Z¨KwU †giæ Aci †giæ‡K cÖfvweZ Kivi Aby‡gv`b †`q wdWe¨vK †KŠkj| AwaKš‘, cÖwZwµqv †KŠkj cy‡ivcywi gvÎ GKevi msNwUZ djvdj bq; eis GwU m¤¢e K‡i ‡Zv‡j wg_w®Œqvmg~‡ni GKwU Pjgvb c¨vUvb©|

؇›Øi gvK©wmq aviYvi Z„Zxq cÖavb w`K n‡jv GB †h ؇›Øi `ywU ‡giæmg~‡ni ga¨Kvi msNl© ev  D‡ËRbv (conflict or tension)| Ges GwU cÖwZwµqv ‡KŠk‡ji gva¨‡g †mB msNl© , hv H †giæmg~‡ni wg_w®Œqv¸‡jv‡K DwÏcxZ K‡i| A_©vr, ¯^qs e¨e¯’&vwUi Af¨šÍ‡i msN‡l©i d‡j e¨e¯’vwU ‡h cwieZ©bmg~‡ni AwfÁZv ؇›Øi aviYvi Z…Zxq w`KwU Zv kbv³ K‡i| D`vniY¯^iƒc, cY¨`ªe¨vw` weµq Ki‡Z cyuwRZvwš¿K dvg©mg~n G‡K Ac‡ii mv‡_ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq wjß n‡Z eva¨ nb| weµq e„w×Ki‡Yi GKwU Dcvq n‡jv e¨qmg~‡ni n«vmKiY| Ges †h‡nZz mvwe©K e¨qmg~‡ni cÖavb Dcv`vb n‡jv gRywi, Kv‡RB cyuwRcwZMY gRywi n«vm Ki‡Z ‡Póv K‡i| wecixZµ‡g, ‡gnbwZ‡`i GKgvÎ Avq n‡jv Zv‡`i kÖg-ÿgZvi wewbg‡q MÖnYK…Z gRywimg~n, ZvB Zviv cywuRcwZMY KZ…©K gRywi n«v‡mi cÖ‡Póvmg~n‡K cÖwZ‡iv‡ai cÖeYZv †`Lvq| GLv‡b Avgiv ‡`L‡Z cvB Kxfv‡e ؇›Øi GKwU †giæ AciwUi mv‡_ msN‡l© wjß nq Ges GwU ¯úóvwqZ K‡i †h cyuw&RZš¿ hv DÏxß K‡i Zv n‡jv ¯^qs cyuwRZ‡š¿i Af¨šÍ‡ii msNl©mg~n‡K|

ms‡ÿ‡c, Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB †h gvK©m I G‡½j‡mi ؇›Øi aviYv‡Z wecixZmg~n AšÍfz©³ _v‡K hv Avw¯ÍwZ¡Kfv‡e G‡K Aci‡K Aek¨v¤¢vex K‡i †Zv‡j Ges Zv‡`i g‡a¨ GKwU cÖwZwµqv ‡KŠkj (feedback mechanism) we`¨gvb _v‡K †hwU  ci¯úi ci¯úi‡K cÖfvevwš^Z K‡i| GBfv‡e GUvB GKgvÎ NUbv bq †h hw` GKR‡bi cyuwRcwZ m¤ú‡K© aviYv _v‡K Z‡e wZwb kÖwgK‡`i Dcjwä Ki‡Z cv‡ib (Ges GwU wecixZ w`K †_‡KI mZ¨), mv‡_ mv‡_ GKwU DcvqI we`¨gvb _v‡K hvi Øviv kÖwgK‡`i Kg©KvÛmg~n cyuwRcwZ‡`i cÖfvevwš^Z K‡i (Ges GwU wecixZ ‡_‡KI mZ¨)| cwiYv‡g, GB cwieZ©‡bi Drm n‡jv Ø›Ø A_ev e¨e¯’&vwUi †giæmg~‡ni ga¨Kvi msNl©|

Avwg GLv‡b ej‡Z PvB †h i‡qvj GwU jÿ¨ K‡i mwVK KvRwU K‡iwQ‡jb †h `ywbqv‡K eyS‡Z Ø›Ø (dialectic) GKwU c×wZ, A_©vr  ÁvbZvwË¡K aviYv (epistemological concept), m‡½ m‡½ gvK©m I G‡½j‡mi Rb¨ Ø›Ø n‡jv ¯^qs `ywbqvi cÖK…wZ m¤ú‡K© GKwU `vex, A_©vr GKwU  mË¡vZvwË¡K (ontological) `vex| †hgbwU G‡½jm Gw›U-Wzwis-G ‡j‡Lb: ÒAvgvi cÖK…wZi g‡a¨ Ø›Ø ZË¡ wbg©v‡Yi †Kv‡bv cÖkœB Av‡m bv, eis cÖkœ n‡jv cÖK…wZi g‡a¨ GwU Avwe®‹v‡ii Ges cÖK…wZ †_‡KB GwUi D™¢‡eiÓ|

ms‡ÿ‡c ejv hvq †h gvK©m I G‡½j‡mi Ø›Ø Z‡Ë¡ wZbwU Dcv`vb we`¨gvb| cÖ_g Dcv`vbwU n‡jv `ywbqvUv‡K †`L‡Z n‡e mgMÖ wn‡m‡e| wØZxqwU n‡jv mgMÖwU cwieZ©‡bi GKUv wbZ¨ cÖwµqvi †fZi w`‡q hv‡”Q| Z…ZxqwU GB †h cwieZ©b n‡jv ؇›Øi †giæmg~‡ni ga¨Kvi we‡iv‡ai dmj| GBfv‡e, gvK©m I G‡½jm Abymv‡i, hw` Avgiv Avgv‡`i Pvicv‡ki `ywbqvUv‡K eyS‡Z PvB, †hgb Avgiv hw` cyuwRZš¿‡K eyS‡Z PvB Zvn‡j Avgv‡`i Aewk¨ mvgvwRK m¤úK©mg~n †hgb A_©‰bwZK, ivR‰bwZK, fvev`wk©K I mvs¯‹…wZK m¤úK©mg~‡ni mvgwMÖKZv (totality) w`‡q ïiæ Ki‡Z n‡e| Ges GB ¯^xK…wZI w`‡Z n‡e †h GB mvgwMÖKZv wbqZ cwieZ©‡bi ga¨ w`‡q hv‡”Q| AwaKš‘, ؇›Øi †giæmg~‡ni we‡ivaxZvi dmj n‡jv GB ÒmgMÖ cwieZ©bÓGi cÖwµqv|

Øvw›ØKZv Kx, GwU GLb Avgv‡`i wbKU ¯úóvwqZ, Avgiv wR‡Ám Ki‡Z cvwi cwieZ©‡bi GB c¨vUvb© I eqvb RxeweÁvbI aviY K‡i wKbv|

h‡_vchy³ MVb (Niche construction) : Øvw›ØK RxeweÁv‡bi `„óvšÍ

¯^‡NvwlZ Øvw›ØK RxeweÁvbx wiPvW© ‡jqw›U‡bi KvR ‡_‡K i‡qvj Øvw›ØKZvi GKwU PgrKvi `„óvšÍ †`b| GB `„óvšÍwU †`Lvq †h wKQz RxeZvwË¡K cÖc (biological phenomena) Av‡Q ‡h¸‡jv Øvw›ØKZvi wZbwU g~j w`K‡K mwVKfv‡e ˆewkó¨vwqZ K‡i| AwaKš‘, hw`I GwU Avwg †h ch©šÍ bv cieZ©x‡Z Av‡jvPbv bv KiwQ ZZÿY ¯úóvwqZ n‡e bv, Kxfv‡e  Øvw›ØKZv Avgv‡`i `ywbqvUv Rvb‡Z mnvqZv K‡i , GwU‡K me©‡kÖôfv‡e wPšÍv Kiv nq GKwU AbymÜvbg~jK wWfvBm (heuristic device) wnmv‡e|

cÖvK…wZK wbe©vPb Øviv wee©Z‡bi wUwcK¨vj eY©bv cÖYxZ nq Awf‡hvRb cÖwµqv Ges h‡_vchy³ A_ev ev¯‘mvs¯’vwbK f~wgKvi Av‡jv‡K, ‡h¸‡jv cÖRvwZmg~n ev¯‘-e¨e¯’vq cÖ‡qvM K‡i| cÖRvwZi cwi‡ek eRvq _v‡K Ges cwiewZ©Z nq ¯^qs cÖRvwZwUi evB‡ii wKQz mve©‡fŠg kw³mg~‡ni Kvi‡Y| GB evB‡ii `ywbqv cÖRvwZwUi Rb¨ mgm¨v ‰Zix K‡i: ¯’&vb, †fvM¨ mvgMÖxmg~n (consumables), Av‡jvK AR©‡bi mgm¨v Ges cÖRb‡bi Rb¨ e¨w³i wecixZ wj‡½i AwfMg¨Zvi mgm¨v| mgm¨vejx mgvavbK‡í ZvivB me‡P‡q mdj, hv‡`i ˆ`wnK I AvPiwYK ‰ewkó¨vejx GUv Ki‡Z me‡P‡q Dchy³, ‡ewkifvM mšÍvb-mšÍwZ ‡i‡L hvq Ges Gfv‡e cÖRvwZ cwiewZ©Z nq I Awf‡hvwRZ nq| Kv‡U©wmq LÛZvev` (Cartesian reductionism) Øviv mycvwikK…Z jvBb eivei Awf‡hvRb I h‡_vchy³Zv (adaptation and niches) wefvwRZ e‡j cÖZxqgvb nq: A_©vr KviY I cÖfve (causes and effects), ewnt¯’ I AšÍt¯’ (external and the internal), cwi‡ek Ges Gi Øviv ÒaviYK…ZÓ RxemË¡v|

hw`I GB MVb Zvjvi Rb¨ wbuLyZ, †h‡nZz Pvwe ‡KejgvÎ wmwjÛvi‡K Pvjbv K‡i Ges Gi wecixZwU bq, wKš‘ GwU GKwU gvivZ¥K mgm¨v‡K DÌvcb K‡i e‡j cÖZxqgvb nq hLb GwU‡K RxeweÁvbxq cwieZ©‡bi GKwU g‡Wj wn‡m‡e †bqv nq| GKwU mgm¨v ‡jIbwUb wPwýZ K‡ib †h Rxe-mË¡vi ewnt¯’ `ywbqv‡K Amxg msL¨K Dcv‡q wef³ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘, Rxe-mË¡vi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z Kxfv‡e Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi †h GB Dcvq¸‡jvi †Kvb¸‡jv h‡_vchy³ (niches), A_©vr, ev¯‘Zvwš¿K f~wgKvejx hv GwU c~iY Ki‡Z cv‡i?  AwaKš‘, hw` bv Avgiv GUv Kwi, Zvn‡j GwU Avi ¯úóvwqZ n‡e bv ‡h h‡_vchy³Zvi (niches) GB aviYv eRvq ivLvi wK gv‡b n‡Z cv‡i|  

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