ফ্রাঞ্জ ফ্যানোন: তুচ্ছদের কন্ঠস্বর মূল: লিও জেইলিগ অনুবাদ: স ম আজাদ

d«vÄ d¨v‡bvb: Zz”Q‡`i KÚ¯^i

g~j: wjI ‡RBwjM

Abyev`: m g AvRv`

d«vÄ d¨v‡bvb 1925G gvwU©wb‡K R‡b¥wQ‡jb| QwÎk eQi c‡i Zuv‡K Avj‡Rwiqv‡Z mgvwnZ Kiv nq| Zuvi ¯^íKvjxb Rxe‡b wZwb Avj‡Rwiqvi AmvaviY wecø‡ei gnËg cÖe³v wQ‡jb|

1953‡Z d¨v‡bvb GKRb mvBwKqvwUª÷ wn‡m‡e Avj‡Rwiqv AvMgb K‡ib| wZwb B‡Zvg‡a¨B GKRb mgxn RvMvwbqv eyw×Rxwe wQ‡jb Ges Black Skins, White Masks cÖKvk K‡ib, G‡Z eY©ev‡`i ÿgZvkvjx eY©bv †`b| wKš‘ wZwb  A¨vw±wf÷ wQ‡jb bv| hLb wZwb `k©b I mvBwKqvwUª‡Z mycwÛZ wQ‡jb, ZLb Zuvi wecøex ivRbxwZ I Z‡Ë¡ A¯úó aviYv wQ‡jv| Avj‡Rwiqvi weea©gvb wecøe GB AKvjc° we‡`ªvnx‡K wecøex‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i|

Avj‡Rwiqv‡Z d¨v‡bvb                                                

d«vÝ 1830G Avj‡Rwiqv AvµgY K‡i| 1848 †_‡K Avj‡Rwiqv‡K divwm †UwiUwi wn‡m‡e `vex Kiv m‡Ë¡I divwmiv 1871Gi c~e© ch©šÍ Ò‡bwUf‡`iÓ cÖwZ‡iva VvÛv Ki‡Z mg_© nqwb| GwU wQj wbôyi cÖwµqv Ges divwm `Lj Avj‡Rwiq mgvR‡K kZ kZ eQi wcwQ‡q †`q| GKwU eY©bvq e¨vL¨v Kiv nq †h Ò‰bivwR¨K ev eܨv cªwZôvbmn AwkwÿZ RbMY Øviv Aay¨wlZ †Kv‡bv ee©i ‡`k wQj bv ‡Avj‡Rwiqv| Gi gvbweK I A_©‰bwZK g~j¨‡evamg~n D”P¯Í‡i DbœxZ n‡qwQj . .      . .mv‡_ wcZ…Zvwš¿K, K…lKxq Ges bvMwiK Rxebaviv mnAe¯’vb Ki‡Zv|Ó

1830Gi c‡i cÖ_g `yB `k‡K ‡`kwUi RbmsL¨v cÖvq `yB wgwjqb n«vm cvq| KviY AvµgYKvix evwnbx nvRvi nvRvi gvbyl‡K M„nPz¨Z K‡i, Zv‡`i fzwg-`Lj I nZ¨v K‡i| hLb we‡`ªvn PzovšÍiƒ‡c Ges wbôzifv‡e `gb Kiv nq, ZLb Avie ee©i‡`i (A_ev Avw`evmx‡`i) divwm bvMwiKZ¡ †_‡K ewÂZ Kiv nq, Zviv ¯^í AwaKv‡ii cÖRv‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ nq|

hw`I 1920Gi `k‡Ki †klfvM ‡_‡K RvZxqZvev`x Av‡›`vj‡bi Aw¯ÍZ¡ wQj, wKš‘ 1954 †kl bv nIqv ch©šÍ Front de Libération Nationale (FLN) Gi Rb¥ nqwb| FLN divwm‡`i weiæ‡× GKwU bqv ai‡bi cÖPÛ cÖwZ‡iv‡a Aw½Kvive× wQj Ges m¤ú~Y© ¯^vaxbZvi `vex Rvwb‡qwQj|

i¨vwWKvjvq‡bi GB mg‡q dv‡bvb AvK…ó nb| wZwb ‡h nvmcvZv‡j KvR Ki‡‡Zb †mLv‡b msMÖv‡g AskMÖnYKvix FLN wgwjU¨v›U‡`i wPwKrmv †mev w`‡Zb| 1956 bvMv` Zuvi KvR Kiv Am¤¢e n‡q c‡o| wZwb nvmcvZvj †_‡K B¯Ídv †`b Ges wZDwbwmqv‡Z G‡m wb‡R‡K Avj‡Rwiq wecø‡e DrmM© Ki‡Z msKíe× nq|

wZDwbwmqv Av‡Mi eQi ¯^vaxb nq Ges `ªæZ FLN wbe©vwmZ †bZ…Z¡i cÖavb NvwUZ cwiYZ nq| d¨v‡bvb Zuvi Rxe‡bi evKx Ask wZDwbwmqv‡Z AwZevwnZ K‡ib Ges FLN Gi cwÎKv Avj& ‡gŠ`Rvwn`-G KvR K‡ib|

1959G d¨v‡bvb A Dying Colonialism ‡j‡Lb , GwU eyw×`xß Ges GLb ch©šÍ Av‡cwÿKfv‡e ARvbv GKwU eB| wZwb Avj‡Rwiqvi gyw³‡Z MYm¤ú„w³ D`hvcb Ki‡Z PvB‡Zb| wZwb Avj‡Rwiq mgv‡Ri ÒAvgyj cwieZ©bÓ (radical mutation) we‡kølY K‡ib| wZwb cixÿv K‡ib Kxfv‡e Avj‡Rwiqv‡Z bvixi f~wgKv iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡qwQj Zv‡`i mwµqZvev` (activism) w`‡q, Kxfv‡e cyiælvwacZ¨ (male authority) D‡ë hvq| Ges bvix I cyiæ‡li ga¨Kvi cwieZ©bkxj m¤úK©IwZwb cixÿv K‡ib| Ò`¤úwZiv Avi wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ Ave× bq| Giv wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ Avi †kl A‡Y¦lY K‡i bv| GwU Avi cÖRvwZi ¯’vqx‡Z¡i ¯^vfvweK cÖe„wËi dj bq (the natural instinct of perpetuation of the species)|Ó . . . .

Mfxi I wecøex cwieZ©‡bi ga¨ w`‡q hvIqv GKwU mgv‡Ri eY©bv wn‡m‡e GwU AvRI AmvaviY| dvb‡bi KvR ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc K‡i Kxfv‡e mvaviY RbMY nVvr bqv m¤¢vebvi `v‡iv˜NvUb K‡i Zv‡`i ivR‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Û RwoZ nIqvi ga¨ w`‡q, GB cÖwµqvwU‡K wZwb ¯§iYxqfv‡e eY©bv K‡ib cybtgvbwmK wPÎvwqZ Kiv ("recerebralised") wn‡m‡e|

`ywbqvi Zy”QMY (The Wretched of the Earth) 

1960Gi †klw`‡K d¨v‡bv‡bi wjD‡Kvwgqv aiv c‡o Ges wZwb Rvb‡Z cvi‡jb †h wZwb Avi gvÎ Aí K‡qK w`b †eu‡P _vK‡eb| Zuvi gv÷viwcm The Wretched of the Earth ‡kl Kivi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv †_‡K wZwb RwoZ n‡q c‡ob| d¨v‡bv‡bi Nwbô eÜz Pierre Chaulet Avgvi mv‡_ mv¤úªwZK mg‡q GK mvÿvrKv‡i e¨vL¨v K‡ib, Ò The Wretched of the Earth cov DwPZ KvPv Ae¯’vq (in a raw state) Ams‡kvwaZ GKwU Riæix evZ©v wn‡m‡e| Avgv‡`i gZb wKQz Nwbó eÜzi mvg‡b hLb wZwb Zuvi †U· cowQ‡jb ZLb Avgiv wKQz c¨v‡mR m¤ú‡K© Zuvi mvg‡b †Kv‡bv cÖkœ Ki‡Z mvnm cvBwb, KviY wZwb wZDwb‡mi Zvi iæ‡g cvqPvix KiwQ‡jb, Amy¯’ wQ‡jb Ges AewnZ wQ‡jb †h Zuv‡K wb›`v Kiv n‡e, Zuvi mKj kw³ w`‡q cÖZ¨vkv Ki‡Zb, PgrKvi fvlvq, Zvu‡K ZvB ej‡Z hv Zuvi ej‡Z n‡e|Ó

d¨v‡bvb RvZxq gyw³i mgv‡jvPbv ewa©Zfv‡e KiwQ‡jb| wZwb Rvb‡Zb †h Jcwb‡ewkK wbh©vZb †_‡K cÖK…Z gyw³i w`‡K RvZxq gyw³ wQj ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ch©vq (crucial stage), wKš‘ wZwb GwU wekvj RwUjZvc~Y© GKwU cÖKí wn‡m‡e †`Lv ïiæ Ki‡jb|

d¨v‡bvb ch©‡eÿY K‡ib ¯^vaxbZvi ci Kxfv‡e RvZxq ey‡R©vqv, RvZxqZvev`x GwjUMY Ges eyw×RxweMY ÒGK cÖKv‡ii ‡jvfx, me©MÖvmx †QvU †Mvôx‡Z (a sort of little caste) `ªæZ AacwZZ nb, . . .hviv †KejgvÎ Zv‡`i wbKU n¯ÍvšÍwiZ Kiv cÖv³b Jcwb‡ewkK kw³i jf¨vskmg~n (dividends) MÖn‡Y Lykx wQj|Ó cÖv³b Jcwb‡ewkK kw³i e„nr e¨emv‡qi mv‡_ GB Ògybvdv‡Lvi †MvôxÓ mv`vmvwafv‡e `vjv‡ji f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z †P‡qwQj|

d¨v‡bvb hyw³ †`b ‡h hw` ÿgZv I m¤ú‡`i †gŠwjK n¯ÍvšÍi msNwUZ Ki‡Z nq Z‡e ¯^vaxbZvi Rb¨ msMÖvg‡K mshy³ Ki‡Z n‡e RvZxq ey‡R©vqvi mv‡_ GKwU e¨vcK msN‡l©| RvZxq ey‡R©vqv †kÖYx †f‡½ †dj‡Z n‡e Zv bv n‡j cÖK…Z gyw³ m¤¢e bq|

Zvi K¬vwm‡Ki cvZvmg~‡n d¨v‡bv‡bi nZvkv Abyf~Z nq| K…ò †MŠi‡ei gnvb Kwe Ges †m‡bMv‡ji bqv †cÖwm‡W›U wjI‡cvì †mb&Ni| c~Y© ¯^vaxbZvi cwie‡Z© divwm †cÖwm‡W›U Pvj©m `¨v M‡ji Av‡cvlidv wnmv‡e Avwd«wKq ivóªmg~‡ni divwm KwgDwbwUi cÖ¯Íve MÖnY K‡i wZwb Avj‡Rwiq wecø‡ei cÖwZ wek¦vmNvZKZv K‡ib|

ÒmgMÖ RbM‡Yi AšÍwb©wnZ Avkvmg~‡ni me©MÖvnx ùwVKvqb, RbM‡Yi msnwZi ZvrÿwYK Ges me‡P‡q my¯úó djvdj ‡h¸‡jv  n‡Z cvi‡Zv RvZxq ‡PZbv (consciousness), †m¸‡jv bv n‡j RvZxq †PZbv ‡h †Kv‡bv †ÿ‡Î †KejgvÎ GKwU k~b¨ †Lvj, GKwU ¯’zj I Vzb‡Kv cÖnm‡b cwiYZ nq|Ó wj‡Lb d¨v‡bvb|

d¨v‡bvb Av‡iv wj‡Lb †h Kxfv‡e e„nr kw³eM© Zv‡`i cÖv³b Dcwb‡ekmg~‡ni cÖK„Z ivR‰bwZK I A_©‰bwZK ¯^vaxbZv mg_©b Ki‡Zv bv| K‡½v‡Z wZwb  jÿ¨ K‡ib †h Kxfv‡e 1960G GKwU RvZxqZvev`x `j MYZvwš¿Kfv‡e wbe©vwPZ nq, Zvic‡iI ¯^vaxbZv Drm‡ei K‡qKw`b c‡iB `ywU LwbR mg„× cÖ‡`k wew”Qbœ K‡i †djv nq cyivZb Jcwb‡ewkK kw³i mg_©bcyó I A¯¿ mnvqZvq| mvZ gv‡mi g‡a¨  ¯’vbxq ÒcyZzjÓ †Mvôx I †ejwRq †mbv`j RvZxqZvev`x †bZv c¨vwUªm jygy¤^v‡K nZ¨v K‡i| d¨v‡bvb jÿ¨ K‡ib †h ¯^vaxbZvi c‡i RvZxqZvev`x GwjUMY †h †kvlK †kÖYx‡K DrLvZ K‡i, Zviv †mB †kvlK †kÖYx‡ZB weewZ©Z nq|

‡kÖYx I wecøe                              

wKš‘ d¨v‡bvb, Zuvi mg‡qi A‡bK wPšÍK‡`i gZB ¯Ívwjbev` w`‡q cÖPÛfv‡e cÖfvweZ gvK©mev‡`i GKwU fvimb Øviv AvK„wZ cvb| kw³kvjx divwm KwgDwb÷ cvwU© Avj‡Rwiq ¯^vaxbZv‡K mg_©b`v‡b A¯^xK…wZ Ávcb K‡i| G‡Z wZwb wei³ nb| (hw`I wZwb e¨w³ KwgDwb÷ I Îrw¯‹cš’x‡`i Øviv AbycÖvwYZ nb|) divwm KwgDwb÷ cvwU© `vex K‡i Zviv kÖwgK †kÖwbi bv‡g Ges ¯^v‡_© K_v e‡j| Ges d¨v‡bvb †`‡Lb †h divwm kÖwgK †kÖYxi Avj‡Rwiq wecø‡ei c‡ÿ ¯^vaxbfv‡e KvR Kivi m¤¢vebv bvB| Zvi cwie‡Z© wZwb hyw³ †`b †h wKDev I wf‡qZbvg K…lK †kÖYxi †K›`ªxq f~wgKvi cÖwZ ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc K‡i| wZwb ‡NvlYv †`b, ÒGwU ¯úó †h Jcwb‡ewkK †`k¸‡jv‡Z K…lK †kÖYx wecøex, KviY Zv‡`i nvivevi wKQz †bB Ges Rq Kievi Rb¨ mewKQzB Av‡Q|Ó

d¨v‡bvb Zuvi hyw³ we¯Í…Z K‡ib msMwVZ Avwd«wKq kÖwgK †kÖYx w`‡K, wZwb e‡jb †h mv¤ªvR¨ev`x †kvl‡Yi gybvdv w`‡q GwU‡K Kvh©Kifv‡e Ò‡Kbv n‡q‡QÓ| Òkni¸‡jv‡Z åæYve¯’vi cÖ‡jZvwi‡qZ Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e myweavRbK Ae¯’vq Av‡Q . . .| Jcwb‡ewkK †`k¸‡jv‡Z kÖwgK †kÖYxi nvivevi mewKQz&B Av‡Q; ev¯Í‡e GwU Jcwb‡ewkZ RvwZi ‡mB fMœvs‡ki cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i ‡hwU `iKvix I AcÖwZ¯’vcbxq hw` Jcwb‡ewkK ‡gwkb‡K mnRfv‡e Pvjv‡Z nq|Ó

d¨v‡bvb fzj wQ‡jb| Avj‡Rwiqv wQj cÖwZev‡`i `xN© †XD‡qi GKwU Ask †hwU ga¨cÖvP¨ I DËi Avwd«Kv‡K Avweó K‡iwQj| AÂjwUi we¯Íi RvqMvq 1945Gi c‡i kÖwgK †kÖYxi Av‡›`vjbmg~nB mv¤ªvR¨ev‡`i weiæ‡× msMÖvgmg~n M‡o †Zv‡j Ges weDcwb‡ewkKi‡Yi Rb¨ msMÖvg ïiæ K‡i| wgki †_‡K Bivb I wmwiqv ch©šÍ MY Av‡›`vjbmg~n AÂjwU‡K Avkvwš^Z K‡iwQj kÖwgK †kÖYxi †bZ„‡Z¡ RvZxq gyw³ I mgvRZvwš¿K cwieZ©‡bi ms‡hvM I we¯Í…wZi m¤¢vebv w`‡q| Avj‡Rwiqvi wb‡Ri wecø‡ei ¸iæZ¡c~Y© gynyZ©¸‡jv GB cÖeYZvmg~‡ni wbðqZv †`q|

wKš‘ GB Av‡›`vjbmg~‡ni me‡_‡K eo mgm¨v wQ‡jv ¯Ívwjwbq †d«gIqv‡K©i evB‡i eyw×e„wËK A_ev fvev`wk©K weKímg~n ‰Zix Ki‡Z Amvg_¨©|  GB ‡d«gIqvK©wU RvZxqZvev`x wPšÍvq AvwacZ¨ Ki‡Zv Ges GwU Drmvn w`‡Zv mgvRZvwš¿K wecøe †_‡K RvZxq gyw³‡K c„_K Ki‡Z| Zuvi Rxe‡bi ‡klw`‡K d¨v‡bvb eyS‡Z cv‡ib †h Avwd«Kv‡K †h fqsKi wec`Uv ûgwK w`‡”Q Zv n‡jv Òfvev`‡k©i Abycw¯’wZÓ|

fvev`wk©K I mvsMvVwbK k~b¨Zvq Ab¨ MÖæ‡ci DÌvb N‡U| BivK I wgk‡i MY Av‡›`vj‡bi ch©vqKvj c‡i wecøex msMÖv‡gi gyû‡Z© RvZxqZvev`x †mbv AwdmviMY I eyw×RxweMY ivóªÿgZv `Lj K‡i, msMwVZ kÖwgK †kÖYx bq| Avj‡Rwiqv‡Z cÖwµqvmg~n c„_K wQj, wKš‘ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© mv`„k¨mg~nI wQ‡jv|  

The Wretched of the Earth eyw×`xßfv‡e RvZxq gyw³ I mgvRZvwš¿K cwieZ©‡bi ga¨Kvi c„_Kxfe‡bi mgm¨vi mv‡_ msMÖvg K‡iwQ‡jv|  Zuvi wbR¯^ c×wZ‡Z d¨v‡bvb GB Dcv`vbmg~n‡K †gjv‡Z †Póv K‡iwQ‡jb, †h¸‡jv‡K wZwb cÖK…Z gyw³i Rb¨ `iKvi e‡j g‡b Ki‡Zb| bqv gvbeZvev` wQ‡jv Zuvi A‡š^wlZ, hv cÖK…Zc‡ÿ AR©b Kiv †h‡Zv BD‡ivcxq kÖwgK †kÖYxi mv‡_ ‡RvU †eu‡a Z…Zxq `ywbqvi Mixe‡`i ¯^-Kg©KvÛ w`‡q|

d¨v‡bv‡bi KvR cÖvqB Awfhy³ n‡Zv mwnsmZv D`hvc‡bi Awf‡hv‡M| wKš‘ wZwb Zv wQ‡jb bv| cwie‡Z© wZwb †j‡Lb †h Dcwb‡ewkKZv n‡jv ÒGi ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vi gv‡S mwnsmZvÓ Ges GwU `ywbqv Ry‡o Aw¯ÍZ¡gvb nq Zv‡`i kix‡ii Dci w`‡q hv‡`i Giv Rq K‡iwQ‡jv Ges Aa¯Íb I Avw`g wn‡m‡e AvL¨v w`‡qwQ‡jv| d¨v‡bvb ¯^xK…wZ †`b wnsm&ª cÖwZ‡iva  `iKvi, wbivgqxI e‡U| mgv‡Ri wb‡Pi w`‡K hviv `xN© mgq a‡i jvwÂZ I cÖZ¨vL¨vZ Zv‡`i nxbgb¨Zvi Amg_©b‡hvM¨ †eva‡K wbh©vwZ‡Zi cªwZ-mwnsmZv (counter-violence) cv‡ë w`‡Z mnvqZv K‡i | d¨v‡bvb mwnsmZvi evZ©vevnK (apostle) wQ‡jb bv, wKš‘ Gi my² I cÖ‡qvMev`x we‡kølK (subtle and pragmatic analyst) wQ‡jb|

Kxfv‡e GKwU Av‡›`vjb‡K ¯^vaxb kÖwgK †kÖYxi ivRbxwZi Dci †K›`ªxf~Z Kiv hvq, GwU ‡`L‡Z d¨v‡bv‡bi A¯^xK…wZ‡K GKwU †cÖÿvc‡U ¯’vcb Kiv `iKvi|

DËivwaKvi            

d¨v‡bvbev`x wecøex ‡KŠkj wn‡m‡e hv cwiwPZ n‡qwQj Zv n‡jv ÒK…lK †bZ…‡Z¡ Afz¨ÌvbÓ| 1961‡Z Zuvi g„Zy¨i ci Avj‡Rwiq hy× Ges FLN KZ…©K M„wnZ ivR‰bwZK weKímg~‡ni e¨_©Zv I wefw³mg~n m¤ú‡K© †ekx ejv n‡Z _v‡K| hw`I ev¯Í‡e G ai‡bi Av‡›`vjbmg~n wQj K…lK †bZ…Z¡ †_‡K A‡bK `~‡i| cwie‡Z© ‡m¸‡jv‡Z AvwacZ¨ Ki‡Zv ga¨weË eyw×Rxwe ‡Mvôxi GKwU Ask| hw` Jcwb‡ewkK kw³ mdjfv‡e civwRZ n‡Zv, Z‡e K…l‡Kiv bq, GB e„w×Rxwe †Mvôx DbœxZ n‡q GKwU bqv GwjU †kÖYx‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡Zv, ‡hwU d¨v‡bvb Lye N„Yv Ki‡Zb|

wKš‘ The Wretched of the Earth ‡`Lvq d¨v‡bvb Zuvi aviYvejx weKwkZ K‡ib we‡kølYxq  (Ges MxwZag©x) cÖwZfvi mv‡_, KviY wZwb Av‡›`vjbwU‡K eyS‡Z I AvKvi w`‡Z †Póv KiwQ‡jb hvi cÖwZ wZwb Av‡eMc~Y©fv‡e cÖwZkÖæwZe× wQ‡jb| wc‡q‡i kvI‡jZ (Pierre Chaulet) Zuvi eÜzi g~j¨vq‡b mwVK wQ‡jb: Òd¨v‡bvb GKRb bqv MÖvgwkI wQ‡jb bv, wZwb GKRb cqM¤^iI wQ‡jb bv| wZwb wQ‡jb Zuvi hy‡Mi GKRb gvbyl, GKwU we‡kl AwfÁZv w`‡q wPwýZ, hv wZwb cÖwZdwjZ K‡ib| wZwb wb‡R‡K we¯§qvKiƒ‡c cÖKvk K‡ib Ges Avgv‡`i A‡b‡Ki gZb A‡bK fzjI K‡ib, wKš‘ Zuvi g~j e³e¨ wQj gvbeZvi gvbweKxKiY| Avj‡Rwiqvi ¯^vaxbZv Av‡›`vj‡b ciKxK…Z (alienated) ÔgvbylÕGi gyw³ Avwe®‹vi K‡ibÑ †hwU Zuvi g‡bv‡ivM msµvšÍ KvR Ñ †mBmv‡_ AwaKviPz¨Z I wegvbexK…Z RbM‡Yi ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK I mvs¯‹…wZK gyw³|Ó

m¤úªwZ wecøex cwieZ©b Avevi DËi Avwd«Kv‡Z ¯’vbvšÍwiZ n‡q‡Q| Avgv‡`i Avi GKevi d¨v‡bv‡bi Kv‡Q wd‡i hvIqv DwPZ wecøex cwieZ©‡b Zuvi AmvaviY AšÍ`„©wómg~‡ni Rb¨ Ges Avgv‡`i Av‡›`vjbmg~n wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z I fv½‡Z Pvq †h  Ògybvdv‡Lv‡ii RvZÓ Zvi weiæ‡× Aweivg hy‡× wjß _vKvi Rb¨ Zuvi mwbe©Ü Aby‡iv‡ai Rb¨|