দ্বান্দ্বিকতা, প্রকৃতি এবং প্রকৃতির দ্বান্দ্বিকতা

Øvw›ØKZv, cÖK…wZ Ges cÖK…wZi Øvw›ØKZv

g~j: K¨vwgjv i‡qvj    Abyev`: m g AvRv`

Abyev`‡Ki DrmM©: wcÖq QvÎ Ges wcÖq eÜz L›`Kvi Zzlvi Avn‡g` Rv‡f` I myej m~Îai‡K

1873G Kvj© gvK©‡mi mn‡hvMx †d«‡WwiL G‡½jm cÖK…wZi Øvw›ØKZv wk‡ivbv‡g GKwU D”Pvwfjvlx MÖ‡š’i Ici KvR Avi¤¢ K‡ib| wZwb gvK©m‡K GKwU wPwV‡Z AwfwnZ K‡ib Kxfv‡e, GKw`b weQvbvq kvwqZ Ae¯’vq wZwb Dcmsnv‡i DcbxZ nb †h cÖvK„wZK weÁvbmg~n n‡jv cÖK…Zc‡¶ mewKQzB ÒMwZgq e¯‘Ó (matter in motion) m¤ú‡K©| wZwb Zuvi eÜz‡K  aviYvwU m¤ú‡K© wbðzc _vK‡ZI e‡jb Ò‡hb †Kv‡bv ev‡R Bs‡iR e¨w³ GwU Pzwi Ki‡Z bv cv‡iÓ| cÖvK…wZK weÁv‡b Zuvi wb‡Ri e¨vcK M‡elYvq gvK©wmq `„wófw½i cÖvmw½KZv m¤ú‡K© G‡½jm mnR‡eva¨ e¨vL¨v w`‡Z Avi¤¢ K‡ib| Zuvi aviYvejx  †jLvi cÖKíwU wZwb cieZ©x `kK ch©šÍ Ae¨vnZ iv‡Lb, wKš‘ m¤ú~Y©Ki‡Yi my‡hvM †kl ch©šÍ wZwb KL‡bv cvbwb|

cÖK…wZi Øvw›ØKZvi aviYvwU A`¨ewa weZwK©Z †_‡K wM‡q‡Q| mgvR Aa¨q‡b cÖ‡qvMK…Z wn‡m‡e, Øvw›ØKZv AvcwËK…Z, Øvw›ØKZv Kx - Gi eûwea e¨vL¨v Ges Kx‡mi Rb¨ GwU cÖ‡qvMK…Z nIqvi Rb¨ cÖZ¨vwkZÑ G¸‡jv mnKv‡i| wKš‘ eû ZË¡we` hviv Øvw›ØKfv‡e gvbe mgv‡Ri Dcjwäi c‡¶, Zuviv GB aviYv‡K cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡i‡Qb †h GwU cÖK…wZ‡ZI cÖ‡qvM‡hvM¨| gvK©mev` Kx ai‡bi `k©b Ges GwU Avgv‡`i evmK…Z `ywbqvi AwaK †gŠwjK w`Kmg~n Dcjwä‡Z mnvqZv Ki‡Z cv‡i wKbvÑ GB welq¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© Av‡iv AwaK cÖkœgvjv DÌvwcZ nq cÖK…wZi Øvw›ØKZv m¤úwK©Z weZK©¸‡jv‡Z| GwU Av‡iv wbf©i K‡i ÒcÖK…wZÓ Øviv Avgiv Kx A_© Kwi ÑG welqwU wVK Øvw›ØKZvi gZB weZwK©Z|

G‡½jm I Ewbk kZ‡Ki weÁvb

G‡½jm wbwðZfv‡e Zuvi (ev †h †Kv‡bv) hy‡Mi me‡_‡K ¯^-wkwÿZ gwblx‡`i g‡a¨ GKRb wQ‡jb| wZwb wb‡R‡K †KejgvÎ mvgvwRK weÁvb I `k©b m¤ú‡K© wkwÿZ K‡ibwb m‡½ m‡½ b„weÁvb, imvqb, MwYZ I wkíKjv m¤ú‡K©I wkwÿZ K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb Ggb GKUv hy‡M emevm KiwQ‡jb hLb GBme †ÿ‡Îi me¸‡jv‡Z wecøex cwieZ©b msNwUZ n‡qwQj| m¤¢eZ me‡P‡q D‡jøL¨ 1859G Pvj©m WviBD‡bi On the Origin of SpeciesGi cÖKvkbv, G‡Z wZwb ‡`Lvb †h cÖvwYR mË¡vmg~‡ni cÖRvwZ¸‡jv (organisms of species) Abo I c„_KvwqZ Aw¯ÍZ¡ bq, eis G¸‡jv bqv I i¨vwW¨vjMZfv‡e c„_K iƒcmg~‡n weKwkZ n‡Z mg_©| gvK©m I G‡½jm `yR‡bB WviBD‡bi †jLvwU c‡ob Ges mg‡qi mv‡_ cwieZ©bkxj cÖK…wZi aviYvi cÖgvY wn‡m‡e GwU‡K †`‡LbÑ Kgc‡ÿ gvbe mgvRmg~‡ni HwZnvwmK cwieZ©b m¤ú‡K© Zuv‡`i wb‡R‡`i aviYvi (conception) Abyiƒc wn‡m‡e †Zv e‡UB|

wKš‘ GUv ‡KejgvÎ RxeweÁvbB bq †hwU Ewbk kZ‡K wecøevwqZ n‡qwQj| c`v_©weÁv‡b †Rgm †cÖmKU Ryj †`Lvb †h Zvc‡K hvwš¿K kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i Ges Gi wecixZ cÖwµqvwUI msNwUZ Kiv hvq| f~~ZË¡ we`¨vq Pvj©m j‡qj c„w_exi KwVb Avei‡Yi (earth crust) ‡fZ‡i ¯Íimg~‡ni avivevwnK m„Rb I aŸsm cÖwµqv Avwe®‹vi K‡ib| G¨v‡j· K¨vwjwb‡Kvm hyw³ †`b ‡h G‡½j‡mi AšÍ`©„wó Aewk¨ †`L‡Z n‡e hLb wZwb wjLwQ‡jb †mB mg‡q †fŠZ weÁv‡b msNwUZ Av`Z weKvkvejxi †cÖÿvc‡U| wbDU‡bi m~Îvejxi m‡½ m¤úwK©Z g‡W‡ji Ici wfwË K‡i Av‡M weÁvb‡K †`Lv n‡ZvчhLv‡b hvwš¿K cÖwµqvejx mg‡qi †cÖÿvc‡U DfgyLx| Ewbk kZ‡K weÁvb  weeZ©‡bi gZb GKgyLx cÖwµqvmg~‡ni Ici g‡bv‡hvM †`qv ïiæ K‡i †hLv‡b cÖK„wZ †KejgvÎ cwiewZ©Z nq bv m‡½ m‡½ weKwkZ nq|

weÁvbx‡`i Ges mgv‡R Zuv‡`i f~wgKv m¤ú‡K© Avgv‡`i Av‡iv Dcjwä‡Z gvK©mev` mnvqZv K‡i‡Q| G‡½jm †KejgvÎ weÁv‡bi mvgvwRK Ae¯’v‡bB AvMÖnx wQ‡jb bv- wZwb weÁv‡bi Af¨šÍiw¯’Z weZK©mg~n we‡kølYI K‡ib| GB wel‡qi Ici Zuvi †jLv‡jwL GwU ¯úóvwqZ K‡i †h H weZK©mg~‡n AskMÖn‡Y wZwb wb‡R h‡_ó Z_¨vwfÁ wQ‡jb| ZLb †_‡K G‡½j‡mi wKQz AšÍ`„©wó mwVK e‡j cÖgvwYZ nq| The Part Played by Labour in the Transition from Ape to Man wk‡ivbv‡gi wbe‡Ü G‡½jm hyw³ †`b †h Avw` gvb‡ei Lvov A½msw¯’wZ Zv‡`i nvZmg~n‡K gyw³ †`q Ges Zv‡`i nvwZqvi e¨enviKi‡Yi weKv‡k mvg_©¨evb K‡i †Zv‡j, G welq¸‡jv msNwUZ nq e„nËi gw¯Í®‹ weKv‡ki cvkvcvwk| eZ©gv‡b ‡hwU‡K wRb-ms¯‹…wZ mn-weeZ©b (gene-culture coevolution) AwfwnZ Kiv nq, Zvi Avw` D`vniY wn‡m‡e †÷dvb †h †MŠ‡ìi (Stephen Jay Gould) gZb weÁvbxe„›` GB aviYvwUi cÖksmv K‡i‡Qb|

hv‡nvK, cÖK„wZi Øvw›ØKZvi aviYvwU weZwK©Z ‡_‡K hvq| GwU GB NUbv w`‡q mnvqZvK…Z nqwb †h G‡½jm h‡_ó Avqy®‹vj cvbwb eB †jLvwU †klKi‡Y A_ev Zuvi cÖKíwUi mg_©‡b h‡_ó hyw³ ev cÖgvY DÌvc‡b| 1883Gi gv‡P© Kvj© gvK©m g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib| G‡½jm Zuvi wb‡Ri KvR¸‡jv‡K GKcv‡k †i‡L cuywRi LÛ 2 I 3 cÖKvkKi‡Yi cÖ¯‘wZi Rb¨ `ytmva¨ KvRwU nv‡Z †bb| wKš‘ cÖK…wZi Øvw›ØKZvi cvÛzwjwcwU wU‡K hvq Ges 1925G iæk fvlvq I 1939G Bs‡iRx fvlvq cÖKvwkZ nq| Bs‡iRx fvm©‡bi `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib †R we Gm n¨vj‡Wb| wZwb GKRb weL¨vZ weÁvbx wQ‡jb| Kxfv‡e weeZ©b ‡R‡bwU‡·i mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z, GB welqwU Dcjwäi AMÖMwZ‡Z wZwb `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib| wZwb GKRb A½xKvive× (committed) gvK©mev`x Ges KwgDwb÷ cvwU©i m`m¨ wQ‡jb| wZwb Øvw›ØK `„wóf½xi Ici DˇivËifv‡e AwaKZi cÖZ¨q `xß nb Zuvi mviv Rxe‡b| cÖK…wZi Øvw›ØKZvi f~wgKv eBwU‡Z wZwb Zuvi gyLe‡Ü hyw³ ‡`b †h GwU hw` c~‡e© cÖKvwkZ n‡Zv Zvn‡j GB eBwU Zuv‡K A‡bK Òwek„•Lj wPšÍvÓ †_‡K iÿv Ki‡Z cvi‡Zv| wKš‘ G‡½j‡mi KvRwU cÖKvkKiY †Kv‡bv mnR Kg© (task) wQj bv| GwU wQj g~jZ GK mvwi †bv‡Ui mgvnvi| G‡½j‡mi nq‡Zv AwfcÖvq wQ‡jv GB KvRwUi †Kv‡bv ‡Kv‡bv As‡ki m¤úv`bvKiY A_ev Z¨vMKiY|

                               

cÖK…wZ‡K Øvw›ØK wn‡m‡e AwfwnZKiY Kx ‡K‡Rv?       

G‡½j‡mi aviYvejxi †Kv‡bv DrKl©Zv Av‡Q wKbv Zv Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z n‡j, Øvw›ØKZv Kx Ges wK‡m GwU e¨env‡ii Rb¨ cÖZ¨vwkZÑ G¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© Avgv‡`i wKQzUv aviYv _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| hw` GwU †Kej e„w×e„wËK PP©vi Rb¨ nq, Z‡e Øvw›ØKZv m¤úwK©Z wkÿv mvgvb¨B g‡bv‡hvM `vex Ki‡Z cv‡i, hw` Avgiv GwU m¤ú‡K© cy¯Í‡K I m‡¤§j‡b wkwL wKš‘ Zvi ci gyû‡Z© GwU fz‡j hvB KviY ˆ`bw›`b Abykxj‡bi mv‡_ GwUi †Kv‡bv cÖvmw½KZv †bB| gvK©m cyuwRi afterwordG GKgZ nb †h e¯‘ev`x Øvw›ØKZv g~jZ `ywbqv cwieZ©b cÖZ¨vwk gvbyl‡`i Rb¨ GKwU `k©b| GwU Òmvie¯‘i w`K †_‡K mgv‡jvPbvg~jK I wecøexÓ (critical and revolutionary)| Rvg©vb fveev`x `vk©wbK wMqM© †n‡M‡ji aviYvejx‡K gvK©m Zuvi aviYvejxi A‡bKUviB wfwË wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡ib| wecøex Av‡›`vjbmg~‡ni Rb¨ †n‡Mj Zuvi mnvbyf~wZ nvwi‡q †d‡jb, we‡klZ Zuvi Rxe‡bi †k‡li w`‡K| hv‡nvK, Avwg hyw³ w`‡Z PvB †h Øvw›ØKZvi e¯‘ev`x I gvK©mev`x fvm©b‡K hLb wecøex cwieZ©‡bi cÖK‡íi †K›`ª wn‡m‡e ‡`Lv nq †KejgvÎ ZLbB GwU A_©en nq|

A‡bK ZvwË¡K‡`i Rb¨ Øvw›ØKZvi me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© w`K n‡jv cwieZ©b I ؛ؠ (change and contradiction)| wbqZ cwieZ©bkxj `ywbqvi cÖK…wZ‡K Abyave‡b GwU Aby‡gv`b †`q, Rb ‡gvwjwbqv· (John Molyneux) GB ˆewkó¨m~PK Dcv`v‡bi Ici ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc K‡i gvK©mev` `k©‡bi mv¤úªwZK cv‡V GwU‡K welqe¯‘ wn‡m‡e †bb| Øvw›ØKZv‡K GKwU mgv‡jvPbvg~jK `k©b (critical philosophy) ejv †h‡Z cv‡i, KviY Avgv‡`i `ywbqvUv GKB iKg i‡q wM‡q‡Q Ges fwel¨‡ZI AcwiewZ©Z †_‡K hv‡eÑ GB aviYvwU‡K GB `k©b cÖkœwe× K‡i| wKš‘ GwU Av‡iv hyw³ †`q †h cwieZ©b memgq µwgK (gradual) bq, welqvejxi DbœwZ NU‡Z cv‡i jvwd‡q jvwd‡q, hv‡K Avgiv AwfwnZ Kwi wecøex cwieZ©b wn‡m‡e|Dance of the Dialectic  MÖš’wU‡Z evi‡Uj Ijgvb (Bertell Ollman) `ywbqvUv‡K eyS‡Z cQ›` K‡ib PjšÍ Mvwo‡Z jvd †`evi cÖ‡Póv wn‡m‡e| hw` Avcbvi †Pva euvav _v‡K Ges  Avcwb hw` bv Rv‡bb MvwowU †Kvbw`‡K Ges KZ `ªæZ hv‡”Q, Z‡e Kx Avcwb PjšÍ Mvwo‡Z jvd w`‡Z †Póv Ki‡eb| Ijgvb hyw³ †`b †h Avgv‡`i Pvicv‡k `ywbqvUvq cwieZ©b msNwUZ n‡”Q Ges Avgv‡`i †mB Z‡Ë¡i `iKvi †hwU GB cwieZ©b eyS‡Z cv‡i| AwaKvsk m~Îvejx ïiæ †_‡K GUv AeavwiZ g‡b K‡i †h Avgiv `ywbqvUv †`Lv ïiæ Ki‡Z cvwi †hb GUv w¯’i (static) Ges Zvici Avgv‡`i †`Lv ‡h‡Kvb cwieZ©b‡K e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z †Póv Ki‡Z cvwi| Øvw›ØK wPšÍK‡`i Rb¨ Gi wecixZUvB mZ¨| cwieZ©b n‡”Q eªþv‡Ûi default Ae¯’v| GwU w¯’wZ (stasis) †hwU A¯^vfvweK Ges hvi e¨vL¨v `iKvi|

              gvK©mev`x f~‡Mvjwe` †WwfW nvi‡f K‡qK eQi a‡iB hyw³ †`b †h GKRb mvgvwRK ZvwË¡K wn‡m‡e wZwb Zuvi M‡elYvq †h c×wZ e¨envi K‡ib Zvn‡jv Øvw›ØK c×wZ| nvi‡fi `„wófw½‡K m¤¢eZ me‡P‡q mnRfv‡e e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq GwU Kx bq Zv ch©‡eÿ‡Y| wZwb Kv‡U©wmq reductionismGi we‡ivaxZv K‡ib, hvi wfwË n‡jv GUv‡K mZ¨ e‡j a‡i †bqv †h Avgiv `ywbqvUv Aa¨qb Ki‡Z cvwi GwU‡K c„_K Òe¯‘mg~nÓG wef³ K‡i| Kv‡U©wmqvbMY hyw³ †`b †h Askmg~‡ni wbR¯^ ‰ewkó¨vejx i‡q‡Q, hv mgMÖ (whole) ‡_‡K ¯^vaxbfv‡e Aw¯ÍZ¡gvb| Avgiv cÖ‡Z¨KwU Ask‡K c„_Kfv‡e we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvwi Ges Zvici ch©‡eÿY Kwi Zviv Kxfv‡e m¤úwK©Z| myZivs Kv‡U©wmq wfwˇZ bMimg~‡ni Dcjwä‡Z GKRb f~‡Mvjwe` jÛ‡bi w`‡K ZvKv‡Z cv‡i (m¤¢eZ M25 moK c‡_i bvMv‡j ga¨Kvi mewKQz msÁvwqZ wn‡m‡e)| Zuviv wR‡Ám Ki‡Z cv‡i jÛ‡b Kviv emevm K‡i, Zviv Kx ai‡Yi evwo‡Z emevm K‡i, bMixi wewfbœ As‡k Kx ai‡Yi wkíKviLvbv we`¨gvb Ges Ab¨ A‡bK cÖkœvw`| Ab¨ Avi GK bMixi †ÿ‡Î Zviv GKB KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i, n‡Z cv‡i Zv wbDBqK© bMix| GKevi ‡KejgvÎ Zviv cÖ‡Z¨KwU bMixi ˆewkó¨vejx  c„_K mË¡v wn‡m‡e eyS‡j ZLb Zviv `ywU bMixi Zzjbvi cÖ‡Póv wb‡Z cv‡i|

              GKRb Øvw›ØK wPšÍK Zuvi `„wó wbe× K‡i cÖwµqvmg~‡ni Ici †h¸‡jv H bMixmg~n‡K MVb K‡i, ‡hgb bMixmg~‡ni w`‡K ev †_‡K Awfevmb, A_ev gvwK©b hy³ivóª Ges weª‡Ub GB Dfq †`‡k bqv D`vibxwZev‡`i e„w×i gZb cÖwµqv¸‡jv‡Z| ZLb bMi¸‡jv‡K wehy³ mË¡v (discrete things) wn‡m‡e MY¨ bv K‡i cÖwµqvmg~‡ni RwUj wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq| Gi †cÖÿvcU wn‡m‡ei g‡a¨ bv wb‡q †Kv‡bv bMi‡K Avgiv we‡ePbv Ki‡Z cvwi wKbvÑ nvi‡fi wPšÍvavivi c×wZ GwU‡K cÖkœwe× K‡i| bMi¸‡jvi Af¨šÍiw¯’Z Awfevmx‡`i ch©‡eÿY Ki‡Z n‡j Avgv‡`i †evSv `iKvi †h bM‡ii evB‡i †h RvqMv¸‡jv †_‡K AwfevmxMY Avm‡Q †mLv‡b Kx msNwUZ n‡”Q| wKš‘ GwU bMi¸‡jvi ga¨Kvi mv`„k¨vejxi w`‡KI `„wó AvKl©Y K‡i| myZivs jÛb I wbDBqK© GB Dfq bM‡i Awfevmb Dfq‡K GKB c×wZ‡Z cÖfvweZ K‡i _vK‡Z cv‡i|

              nvi‡fi Øvw›ØK `„wófw½ (dialectical approach) Avgv‡`i wPšÍ‡bi mvaviY KvÛÁvb c×wZ‡K gv_vi Ici ¯’vcb K‡i| wZwb Kvh©Kifv‡e e‡jb †h Òe¯‘Ó (thing) wn‡m‡e Ggb †Kv‡bv e¯‘ ‡bB| KwVb e¯‘ wn‡m‡e Avgiv ‡h¸‡jv‡K g‡b Kwi Zv cÖK…Zc‡ÿ cÖwµqvmg~‡ni ˆZix| wewfbœ cÖwµqvmg~n mvgwqKfv‡e GKwÎZ n‡q e¯‘mg~n Drcbœ Ki‡Z cv‡i, wKš‘ G¸‡jv memgq ÿY¯’vqx| e¯‘mg~n memgq m„wó ev aŸsm cÖwµqvq we`¨gvb _v‡K| hv wKQz KwVb Zv evZv‡m wgwj‡q hvq| GB `„wófw½‡Z GKwU e¯‘ n‡Z cv‡i GKwU fve ev aviYv (idea or concept) ev GKUvwKQz hv g~Z©fv‡e Aw¯ÍZ¡gvb _v‡K GKwU bM‡ii gZb| G‡½jmI Zuvi Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosphy cÖe‡Ü Abyiƒc wKQz GKUv hyw³ †`b: Ò`ywbqvUv‡K ˆZix (ready-made) e¯‘mg~‡ni RwUj wn‡m‡e Dcjwä bv K‡i eis cÖwµqvmg~‡niRwUj wn‡m‡e MY¨ Ki‡Z n‡e, hv‡Z e¯‘mg~n Aw¯ÍZ¡gvb nIqv Ges wejq nIqvi GKwU evavnxb cwieZ©‡bi ga¨ w`‡q AwZµg K‡i|

              gvK©‡mi Rb¨, Ges Zuvi Abymvix‡`i A‡b‡Ki Rb¨, Øvw›ØKZv n‡jv GKB mv‡_ Ø›Ø (contradiction) Ges cwieZ©b (change)| GB `ywU m¤úwK©Z, Af¨šÍixY Ø›ØwbPq cwieZ©b‡K m¤§yLeZ©x K‡i Ges MwZgqZvi (dynamism) w`‡K avweZ K‡i, †hwU Avgiv cÖZ¨ÿ Kwi| cyuwRZ‡š¿i Aax‡b mewKQz g‡b nq Ø›ØvZ¥K (contradictory)| hv‡nvK, nvi‡f hyw³ †`b †h Ø›Ømg~‡ni Av‡jv‡K wPšÍb (thinking) Zuvi wb‡Ri `„wófw½i mv‡_ m½wZc~Y©| hw` e¯‘wbPq cÖwµqvmg~‡ni avcvšÍwiZ RwUjmg~n (shifting complexes of processes) w`‡q ˆZix nq, Z‡e GwU KviY wn‡m‡e `uvwo‡q hvq †h H cÖwµqvmg~‡ni KZ¸‡jv ci¯úi we‡ivax n‡e| weª‡U‡bi †jevi cvwU© D`vniY wn‡m‡e ‡bqv hvK| GwU GKwU ey‡R©vqv ivR‰bwZK `j, wKš‘ cÖavYZ kÖwgK †kÖYxi m`m¨Zv eRvq iv‡L| GwU‡K ey‡R©vqv †kÖYx  Ges kÖwgK †kÖYxi `j ejv n‡jv GKwU Ø›ØvZ¥K welq ejvi gZb †kvbvq| Gi KviY n‡jv GwU GKwU ؛؇K wb‡`©k K‡i| cÖavb KvR n‡jv eûgvwÎK cÖwµqvmg~‡ni w`‡K bRi †`qv †hwU †jevi cvwU©i Aw¯ÍZ¡gvb nIqvi KviY| GKUv mgq cyuwRi GKwU As‡ki wbKU Kj¨vY ivóª ewa©Zfv‡e ¸iæZ¡c~Y© n‡q DVwQ‡jv, GKB mg‡q kÖwgK RbMY ms¯‹viZvwš¿K aviYvejx I ms¯‹viZvwš¿K cvwU©mg~‡ni w`‡K Suz‡K c‡owQj| kÖwgK †kÖYxi cÖ‡qvRbmg~n Ges cyuwRcwZ †kÖYxi cÖ‡qvRbmg~n G‡K Ac‡ii †_‡K wecixZ, wKš‘ BwZnv‡m GKwU wbw`©ó we›`y‡Z G¸‡jv GKxf~Z n‡Z mg_© n‡qwQjÑGB †ÿ‡Î GKwU LyeB mvsNwl©K msMVb Mo‡Z| ؇›Øi cÖ‡kœ GB `„wófw½ Ø›Øvejxi ev¯Íe Dcw¯’wZ‡K ¯^xK…wZ †`q, wKš‘ g~Z© †KŠkjmg~‡ni A‡š^lY K‡i hvi mvnv‡h¨ ‡m¸‡jv weKwkZ nq, Ges cÖwµqvmg~‡ni A‡š^lY K‡i hvi mvnv‡h¨ e¯‘mg~n Aw¯ÍZ¡gvb I Abw¯ÍZ¡gvb nq| mewKQzB mvsNwl©K, wKš‘ †KbÑ GwUv wRÁvmv bv K‡i mijfv‡e wee„ZKiY h‡_ó bq|

Øvw›ØK RxeweÁvbxMY               

hw` Øvw›ØKZv gvK©mev`x‡`i gvbe mgvR m¤ú‡K© ‡Kv‡bvwKQz DcjwäKi‡Y mvnvh¨ K‡i, Z‡e Kx cÖK…wZ weÁvbx‡`i Rb¨ GwU Dc‡hvMx n‡Z cv‡iÑ ‡h gvbylRb `ywbqvi G‡Kev‡i bvbv w`Kmg~n eyS‡Z †Póv K‡ib| Lye Kg msL¨K weÁvbx mywbw`©ófv‡e hyw³ w`‡q‡Qb †h Zuviv Øvw›ØK weÁvb Abykxjb Ki‡Qb, wKš‘ ¯^í msL¨K D‡jøL‡hvM¨ e¨wZµg Av‡Q| 1985G wiPvW© †jwfÝ I wiPvW© wj‡qvw›Ub (Richard Levins and Richard Lewontin) cÖeÜmg~‡ni GKwU msKjb cÖKvk K‡ib, Gi wk‡ivbvg wQj The Dialectical Biologist| Df‡q gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi nvf©vW© wek¦we`¨vj‡qi RxeweÁv‡bi weL¨vZ Aa¨vcK wQ‡jb (Ges GLbI Av‡Qb)| eBwUi wk‡ivbvg †_‡K g‡b nq, †jwfÝ I wj‡qvw›Ub GUv ejv cwinvi Ki‡Z Pvb †h Zuviv RxeweÁv‡b Øvw›ØKZv cÖ‡qvM Kivi †Póv Ki‡Qb| GwU RxeweÁv‡bi Øvw›ØKZv bq †h‡nZz Zuviv †mB `vk©wbK bb hviv evB‡i †_‡K RxeweÁv‡bi w`‡K AwfMgb Ki‡Qb| cwie‡Z© Zuviv hyw³ †`b †h Zuviv GKwU c×wZ wn‡m‡e GwU Awf‡hvwRZ K‡i‡Qb Ges RxeweÁvbx wn‡m‡e GwU‡K Zuv‡`i Abykxj‡b AvZ¥xK…Z K‡i‡Qb| eBwU G‡½jm‡K DrmM© Kiv nq, whwb ÒGwU‡K A‡bK mgq fzj wn‡m‡e †c‡qwQ‡jb wKš‘ †hLv‡b GwU ¸iæZ¡vwaKvix †mLv‡b wZwb GwU‡K mwVKfv‡e †c‡qwQ‡jb| †jwfÝ I wj‡qvw›U‡bi mv‡_ cwiwPZ cvVKe„›` AeMZ Av‡Qb  †h Zuv‡`i g‡a¨ Zuv‡`i AvMÖnmg~‡ni GKwU we¯Í…Z cwimi we`¨gvb| Zuviv RxeweÁv‡b e¨eüZ wKQz cwimsL¨vbMZ c×wZmg~‡ni mgv‡jvPbv K‡ib, †hgb RxeweÁvbxq wbY©qZvev` (biological determinism) (GB aviYv Abyhvqx gvbe AvPiY cy‡ivcywi ‡R‡bwU‡·i mvnv‡h¨ e¨vL¨vKiY ‡hvM¨)| Zuviv gvwK©b hy³iv‡óª Aew¯’Z j¨vwZb Av‡gwiKvb Awfevmx kÖwgK‡`i AwaKvimg~n mg_©b K‡ib|

hv‡nvK, †jwfÝ I wj‡qvw›Ub KZ…©K weKwkZ me‡_‡K D™¢vebvg~jK hyw³ n‡jv GB †h weeZ©‡bi welqx I welq (subject and object) wn‡m‡e RxešÍ mË¡vi (organism) D‡jøLKiY| we‡klfv‡e wj‡qvw›Ub D‡jøL K‡ib †h weeZ©bxq RxeweÁv‡bi †fZ‡i aªæc`x `„wófw½ RxešÍ mË¡vmg~n‡K †`‡L‡Q Zv‡`i wbqš¿‡Yi evB‡i kw³mg~‡ni wbw®Œq welq (passive objects of forces) wn‡m‡e| GB kw³mg~n RxešÍ mË¡vi Af¨šÍ‡i n‡Z cv‡i A_ev evB‡ii n‡Z cv‡i| WviDBb RxešÍ mË¡vmg~n‡K †`‡Lb Zv‡`i cwi‡e‡ki cwieZ©bmg~‡n mvov cÖ`vbKvix wn‡m‡e| GKwU ccy‡jk‡bi g‡a¨Kvi ¯^vZwš¿K m`m¨M‡Yi DØZ©‡b I cyiærcv`‡b Zv‡`i mvg_©¨ wfbœ n‡Z cv‡i, wKšÍ GwU cwi‡ek †_‡K ewnt¯’ Pvcmg~n †bq H iƒc‡f‡`i Ici wµqvKi‡Y Ges ‡Kvb ¯^vZwš¿K m`m¨ me‡P‡q †ekx mdj Zv wbY©qKi‡Y| H ¯^vZwš¿K m`m¨MY Zv‡`i wRb cieZ©x cÖR‡b¥ ¯’vbvšÍwiZ K‡i| hLb weeZ©b‡K GBfv‡e e¨vL¨v Kiv nq ZLb mgm¨vmg~‡ni GKwU we‡kl †mUmn GKwU cÖRvwZ‡K Dc¯’vcbKi‡Y cwi‡ek‡K †`Lv nq, hv‡Z GwU Aewk¨ GKwU mgvavb A‡š^lY Ki‡Z cv‡i fyj ms‡kvab ch©šÍ GKwU cixÿv-wbixÿvi cÖwµqvi (a process of trial and error) gva¨‡g| D`vniY ¯^iƒc, Kzu‡Rv wZwgi cwi‡ek kxZj Ges  cywóKi wµj I †QvU gvQ w`‡q c~Y©| GB cwi‡e‡k Kxfv‡e †eu‡P _vK‡Z nq, GwU GB Òmgm¨vwU mgvavb K‡iÓ, wngkxZj cvwb‡Z †eu‡P _vK‡Z Gi Pwe©, GKwU wekvj gyL Ges Gi Lv`¨ MÖnY‡i Rb¨ wPËvKl©x †UKwbKmg~‡ni weKvk N‡U| wekvj, kxZj cvwb‡Z mšÍiYiZ wµj fÿ‡Ki KvR‡K ev¯‘ms¯’vbwe`MY Dc‡hvMx e‡j wb‡`©k K‡ib|

              ‡hLv‡b evB‡i †_‡K Zv‡`i Ici wµqviZ kw³mg~‡n mvov w`‡Z RxešÍ mË¡vmg~n‡K ‡`‡L WviDBbev`xMY, †mB †ÿ‡Î wRbMZ wbY©vqKev`xMY Ab¨ w`K †_‡K †`‡L| Zuviv hyw³ †`b †h Dw™¢` I cÖvwYMY Zv‡`i wRb †_‡K DrmvwiZ Af¨šÍixY kw³mg~‡n mvov †`q| wiPvW© WvDwKbm RxešÍ mË¡vmg~n‡K evisevi Zzjbv K‡ib †ive‡Ui mv‡_: ÒAvgiv DØZ©b †gwkb Ñ †iveU hvb, wRb bv‡g cwiwPZ ¯^v_©ci AYymg~‡ni msiÿ‡Y AÜfv‡e ‡cÖvMvgK…Z|Ó RxeweÁv‡bi GB `„wófw½‡Z, gvbyl mn RxešÍ mË¡vmg~n weKwkZ nq GKwU c~e©wba©vwiZ c_ a‡i, †hwU wVK nq Avgv‡`i wRbmg~‡n †KvWK…Z Z_¨ w`‡q|

GwU ejv hvq bv ‡h Dfq `„wófw½ fzj, A_ev Zviv G‡K Ac‡ii mv‡_ Am½wZc~Y©| WvDwKbm m½wZc~Y©fv‡e m„wóev`x‡`i wec‡ÿ weeZ©b‡K mg_©b Ki‡Z †Póv K‡i‡Qb| wKš‘ Dfq `„wófw½i, GKwU evB‡ii wbqvgKmg~‡ni Ici ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc K‡i Ges AciwU Af¨šÍxiY wbqvgKmg~‡n ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc K‡i, Gi A_© Qwei ‡KejgvÎ Askwe‡k‡li Ici `„wóv‡ivcKiY| †jwfÝ I wj‡qvw›Ub hyw³ ‡`b †h RxešÍ mË¡v ¯^qs Gi weeZ©‡b †h fzwgKvwU cvjb K‡i, Zv G ai‡bi `„wófw½mg~n AMÖvn¨ K‡i| RxešÍ mË¡v‡K †`Lv nq GKwU wbw®Œq Ae¯’v wn‡m‡e hv‡Z wRbmg~n Ges cwi‡ek ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ wg_w®Œqv K‡i| Øvw›ØK RxeweÁvbxMY g‡b K‡ib †h GKwU RxešÍ mË¡vI, GK A‡_©, †KejgvÎ welq (object) bq, mv‡_ mv‡_ ÒGi wb‡Ri weeZ©‡bi welqxI (subject) e‡UÓ| Zv‡`i mwbœwnZ cÖwZ‡e‡ki †Kvb w`K¸‡jv me‡_‡K cÖvmw½K Zv wbY©q K‡i RxešÍ mË¡vmg~n Zvi wb‡Ri Pvicv‡k GKwU Dc‡hvMx Ae¯’v wbw`©ó K‡i| D`vniY¯^iƒc, KvV‡VvKiv GKwU Mv‡Qi evKj‡K cÖvmw½K wn‡m‡e Avwe®‹vi K‡i, Mv‡Qi Zjvq Aew¯’Z cv_img~n‡K bq| Ab¨ cvwLmg~n hviv H cv_img~n e¨envi K‡i kvgy‡Ki †Lvjm P~Y©Ki‡Y, Zviv Mv‡Qi Zjv‡K cÖvmw½K wn‡m‡e †`‡L Ges Zv‡`i‡K Zv‡`i cwi‡e‡ki Ask wn‡m‡e MY¨ K‡i| RxešÍ mË¡vi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z GKwU Dc‡hvMx Ae¯’vB ev wK hv‡Z GwU emevm K‡i Zv Avgiv Rvb‡Z cvwi‡b| †Kv‡bv wKQzi Rb¨ KL‡bv Kv‡Ri k~b¨Zv (job vacancy) wQj bv, †hwU kxZj cvwb‡Z emevm K‡i †KejgvÎ Zvi RvqMv c~i‡Y Kzu‡Rv wZwgi DØZ©‡bi Rb¨| H Dc‡hvMx Ae¯’v weKwkZ nq wZwgi weeZ©‡bi mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³ n‡q|    

              ‡jwfÝ I wj‡qvw›Ub AmsL¨ c×wZi D`vniYmg~‡ni cÖwZI `„wó AvKl©Y K‡i‡Qb †h¸‡jv‡Z RxešÍ mË¡vmg~n Zv‡`i cwi‡e‡ki Ici wµqv K‡i Ges GgbwK Gi cÖwZ h_vh_ cÖwZwµqv ‡`Lvq| weeimg~n Zv‡`i wb‡R‡`i Rb¨ Zv‡`i mwbœwnZ cÖwZ‡ek AwaKZi emevm‡hvM¨ Ki‡Z euva ˆZix K‡i| Dw™¢‡`i †kKomg~n Pvicv‡ki gvwUi mshyw³ cwieZ©b K‡i hv‡Z Zviv cywó Dcv`vbmg~n AwaKZi mn‡R msMÖn (extract) Ki‡Z cv‡i| RxešÍ e¯‘mg~n `„wóAvKl©K †¯‹‡j MÖ‡ni cwieZ©b msNwUZ K‡i‡Q, GgbwK Aw·‡Rb †hvM K‡i evqygÛj‡K GKgyLxfv‡e (irreversibly) cwieZ©b Ki‡Q| Avgiv ‡¯ªd Ggb welq (object) bB ‡h KejgvÎ evwn¨K kw³mg~n Øviv mwµqK…Z n‡ev| †h mg¯Í Dcv‡q  RxešÍ mË¡vmg~n Zv‡`i Pvicv‡ki cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ mwµqfv‡e m¤úwK©Z, ‡jwfÝ I wj‡qvw›Ub †m¸‡jv M‡elYv K‡i GB wm×v‡šÍ DcbxZ nb †h G‡K A‡b¨i mv‡_ m¤úK© e¨wZ‡i‡K RxešÍ mË¡v A_ev cwi‡ek‡K Dcjwä Kiv hvq bv| GwU mivmwi Kv‡U©wmq `„wófw½i wecixZ, †hwU RxešÍ mË¡v‡K wew”Qbœfv‡e ch©‡eÿ‡Yi †Póv K‡i| AwaKš‘, RxešÍ mË¡vi e„w×i m‡½ m‡½ GB m¤úK© weKwkZ nq mg‡qi gva‡g| cï I Dw™¢‡`i BwZnvm we`¨gvb|

 †h cÖwµqvmg~n gm„Y I  µgvš^wqK c×wZi cwie‡Z© eis AmvsjwMœKfv‡e (disjointed) weKwkZ nq, †m¸‡jv‡Z  ‡÷dvb †R †MŠì I bvBjm Bj‡WªR (Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge) cÖwµqvmg~‡ni Øvw›ØK Dcjwä cÖ‡qvM K‡ib| Zuv‡`i mweivg mvg¨ve¯’vi (punctuated equilibrium) Z‡Ë¡ weeZ©b‡K ˆewkó¨gwÛZ Kiv nq w¯’wZi (stasis) `xN©Kvwjb hyM wn‡m‡e, †hwU ˆewPÎvwqZ nq `„óvšÍmg~n Øviv, hv‡Z bqv cÖRvwZmg~‡ni `ªæZ D™¢e N‡U| ‡MŠì ¯^xKvi K‡ib ‡h gvK©wmq `k©b Øviv ZË¡wU cÖfvevwš^Z n‡qwQj Ges wZwb hyw³ †`b †h ÒAwaKZi ¸iæ‡Z¡i mv‡_ cvðv‡Z¨i cwÛZe„›` KZ…©K Øvw›ØK wPšÍb MÖnY Kiv DwPZ| wKš‘ µwgKZv I Djøçb m¤ú‡K© (gradualness and leaps) mweivg mvg¨ve¯’v I Øvw›ØK AšÍ`©„wómg~‡ni g‡a¨Kvi mv`„k¨ m‡Ë¡I GwU GKwU ZË¡ wn‡m‡e D‡jøLbxqiƒ‡c wU‡K Av‡Q| ‡÷‡fb †ivR GKRb wbD‡ivweÁvbx Ges RxeweÁvb `k©‡bi Ici GKRb RbwcÖq †jLK, wZwb Zuvi Dci cÖfve`vqx ZË¡mg~‡ni g‡a¨ Øvw›ØK HwZn¨‡K D‡jøL K‡ib| wZwb hyw³ †`b †h e¨ve¯’vwUi cÖ‡Z¨KwU Ask‡K wew”Qbœfv‡e ch©‡eÿ‡Y RwUj e¨e¯’vmg~‡n we`¨gvb ˆewkó¨vejx e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq bv | nv‡f©i gZb Øvw›ØK wPšÍKM‡Yi wKQz AšÍ`©„wói mv‡_ Zuvi hyw³i mvhyR¨ we`¨gvb|

cÖK…wZi Øvw›ØKZvi wec‡ÿ hyw³mg~n 

hv‡nvK, mKj gvK©mev`xMY GB aviYvwU MÖnY K‡ibwb †h RxeweÁvbxMY †hfv‡e e¨vL¨v K‡ib †mfv‡e cÖK„wZ‡Z Øvw›ØK cÖwµqvmg~n we`¨gvb| cÖK…wZi Øvw›ØKZv cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ nIqvi mgq †_‡K welqwUi Ici G‡½j‡mi `„wófw½mg~n weZK© AvKl©Y K‡i‡Q| ÒkÎæe„›` I eÜz‡Z¡i fvbKvix A‡b‡KB weK…wZ mvab K‡ibÓ Zuvi aviYvejxi| m¤¢eZt msk‡qi AvswkK KviY n‡jv G‡½jm KZ…©K Øvw›ØKZvi wZbwU wbq‡gi m~Îvqb| GB wbqg¸‡jv g~jZ Rvg©vb fveev`x `vk©wbK ‡n‡M‡ji wbKU †_‡K G‡½jm avi K‡iwQ‡jb m¤¢eZ mvgvwRK `ywbqv I cÖvK…wZK RM‡Zi cÖwµqvmg~n eY©bvKi‡Y| wbqg¸‡jv n‡jv: wecixZmg~‡ni AvšÍiAbycÖ‡ek (the interpenetration of opposites), cwigvYMZ cwieZ©‡bi ¸YMZ cwieZ©‡b iƒcvšÍi (transformation of quantity to quality) Ges †bwZi ‡bwZKiY (the negation of the negation)| Avgiv cÖvqB weÁvb I cÖK…wZ †_‡K `„óvšÍmg~n e¨envi Kwi GB wbqgÎq e¨vL¨vKi‡Y| cwigvYMZ cwieZ©‡bi ¸YMZ cwieZ©‡b iƒcvšÍiÑ GB wbqgwUi Rb¨ gvbylRb †h `„óvšÍwU cÖvqB D‡jøL K‡ib Zvn‡jv GB †h cvwbi ZvcgvÎv 100 †mjwmqv‡m DbœxZ n‡j GwUi ev‡®ú iƒcvšÍi| ZvcgvÎvi cwigvYMZ cwieZ©b GK †fŠZ Ae¯’v †_‡K Aci ‡fŠZ Ae¯’vi cwieZ©‡bi w`‡K avweZ K‡i| Avi GKwU `„óvšÍ n‡jv  gyiMx I wWg cÖm‡½| hLb GKwU gyiMxi ev”Pv wWg †_‡K dz‡U †ei nq, ZLb GwU H wWg‡K aŸsm K‡i, A_©vr GwUi †bwZKiY msNwUZ K‡i| wKš‘ eo n‡q gyiMx‡Z cwiYZ n‡q gyiMxi ev”Pvi †bwZKiY msNwUZ nq, GwU n‡jv ‡bwZi ‡bwZKiY|

            GB mywbw`©ó D`vniYmg~n Avgiv wbe©vPb Kwi GwU AeavwiZ g‡b Ki‡Z †h Øvw›ØK cÖwµqvmg~n cÖK…wZ‡Z Aw¯ÍÍZ¡gvb| wKš‘ A‡bK gvK©mev`x fvl¨Kvi GB Abygvb‡K cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡ib| Gi wKQz D`vniYmg~‡ni MZvbyMwZKZv (triviality) n‡jv GKwU KviY hv‡Z wKQy gvbylRb cÖK…wZi Øvw›ØKZvi aviYv‡K cÖkœwe× K‡ib| Avqvb evP©vj mwVKfv‡eB e‡jb †h ÒGK Kvc Pv ˆZixKiY A_ev gyiMxi ev”Pv dzUv‡bv †_‡K wecøe msNwUZKiY eis A‡bK RwUj| Kg‡ekx ¯^cÖ‡Yvw`Z GK †mU wbq‡gi Rb¨ myweavRbK cÖgvY A‡š^l‡Yi cÖ‡Póv wn‡m‡e cÖK…wZi Øvw›ØKZv‡K mgv‡jvPbv Kiv nq| ‡bwZi ‡bwZKi‡Yi gZb wbq‡gi Rb¨ ÒcÖvK…wZKÓ RM‡Z cÖgvY A‡š^lY m¤¢e , hw` Avcwb h‡_ó kÖg mnKv‡i ch©‡eÿY K‡ib Ges  †Kvb D`vniYwU Avcwb cQ›` Ki‡eb †m e¨vcv‡i hw` ˆbe©vPwbK nb| GwU Ruv-cj mv‡Z©‡K gšÍe¨Ki‡Y avweZ K‡i ‡h GKRb †KejgvÎ GKwUB Øvw›ØKZv cÖK…wZ‡Z ‡`L‡Z cv‡e †hwU †m ‡mLv‡b Av‡ivc K‡i|

            wKQz gvbylRb hyw³ †`b †h G‡½jm GwU cÖ¯Íve K‡i †gŠwjKfv‡e fzj K‡ib| Zuviv e‡jb †h wZwb gvK©‡mi Øvw›ØK c×wZ Dcjwä Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb A_ev GwU‡K weK…Z K‡ib mvgvwRK ev HwZnvwmK  cÖkœvejxi evB‡i cÖmvwiZ K‡i| 1960Gi `k‡K RwR© wjL‡_Bg (George Lichtheim) wj‡LwQ‡jb, hLb A‡bK GKv‡Wwgq gvK©mev`x ¯Ívwjbev‡`i mv‡_ mswkøóZv †_‡K gvK©mev`‡K D×viKi‡Yi Dcvq A‡š^lY KiwQ‡jb, wZwb hyw³ ‡`b †h G‡½jmB mgm¨v| wjL‡_Bg Ges Ab¨vb¨ evgcš’x‡`i aviYv GB †h cÖK…wZ‡Z KZ¸‡jv ÒwbqgÓ we`¨gvb hv wbP †_‡K mgvRZ‡š¿i mv‡_ Am½wZc~Y©| GB wbqg¸‡jv Bw½Z †`q †h cÖK…wZ Ges cwiYv‡g gvbe mgvR  GKwU c~e©wba©vwiZ MwZc_ AbymiY K‡i| Ges hw` BwZnvm c~e©wba©vwiZ nq, Z‡e G‡Z kÖwgK †kÖYxi m‡PZb wµqvi †Kvb f~wgKv †bB| hw` Avgiv Øvw›ØKZv‡K wZbwU wbq‡gi GKwU †mU wn‡m‡e cywÄf~Z Kwi, Z‡e Avgiv g~Z© ev¯ÍeZv †_‡K Gi we‡”Q‡`i wec` †U‡b Avwb, †hwU †_‡K GwU D™¢~Z e‡j MY¨ Kiv nq| cÖK…wZ‡Z wbqgvejxi cÖ‡qvM aviYvejx I ev¯ÍeZvi g‡a¨Kvi GKwU ˆØZZvwš¿K cv_©K¨ mycvwik K‡i, †hLv‡b GKwU Avi GKwU‡K wba©vwiZ K‡i| Kxfv‡e GwU‡K gvK©mev‡`i GKwU Kb‡mck‡bi m‡½ mgš^q Kiv hvq, hv‡Z ZË¡ I Abykxj‡bi H‡K¨i Rb¨ hyw³ †`qv nq| 1960 I 1970Gi `kKmg~‡n bvbv cÖeYZvi evgcš’x GKv‡WwgwkqvbMY GwU †g‡b †bb †h mgvRZ‡š¿i ¯Ívwjwbq e¨vL¨vi g~‡j wQ‡jv G‡½j‡mi aviYvejx, A_©vr Ggb GKUv wKQz hv mgv‡Ri Dci †_‡K GwjUMY KZ©©„K kÖwgK RbZvi wbKU n¯ÍvšÍi Kiv hvq| gvK©mev`x HwZ‡n¨ G‡½j‡mi Ae`vb‡K mvgwMÖKfv‡e evwZj Ki‡Z wKQz †jvKRb GgbwK Zuvi gšÍe¨mg~n D×…Z K‡ib| D`vinY¯^iƒc, AwaKZi mv¤úªwZK mg‡q wj½ wel‡qi †jLKMY GKBfv‡e †`L‡Z cvb †h gvK©‡mi Ò‡`¨vZbvc~Y©Ó Ae¯’vb (nuanced position) mn‡R MÖnY Kiv hvq, †hLv‡b G‡½j‡mi `„wófw½ `„k¨Z Ò weÁvbK…ZÓ I ÒwbY©qev`xÓ (scientistic and deterministic)|

            hv‡nvK, GUv g‡b nq bv †h gvK©m I G‡½jm Zuv‡`i RxebKv‡j weÁvb I cÖK…wZi cÖkœvejx‡Z †gŠwjKfv‡e wfbœgZ ‡cvlY Ki‡Zb| cieZ©x Rxe‡b Zuviv wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ GK ai‡bi kÖg wefvM ˆZix K‡ib, hv‡Z G‡½jm weÁvb wb‡q KvR K‡ib, Ab¨w`‡K gvK©m cyuwR MÖš’ wjL‡b g‡bv‡hvM wbe× K‡ib| wKš‘ Zuviv cÖvqB G‡K Ac‡ii m‡½ †`Lv Ki‡Zb, we‡kl K‡i G‡½jm 1870G jÛ‡b P‡j Av‡mb, Ges Zuviv Zuv‡`i KvR wb‡q we¯ÍvwiZfv‡e wbqwgZ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Zb| gvK©m I G‡½j‡mi g‡a¨ Ggb †Kv‡bv wjwLZ cÎvejx †bB hv w`‡q GUv evZjv‡bv hvq †h Zuviv wfbœgZ †cvlY Ki‡Zb| weÁv‡bi †ÿ‡Î Avm‡j GUv ejv hvq bv †h gvK©m weÁvb m¤ú‡K© AÁ wQ‡jb| cÖK„Zc‡ÿ cyuwRMÖ‡š’i †Kv‡bv welq e¨vL¨vKi‡Y wZwb cÖvqB imvqb I c`v_©weÁvb †_‡K D`vniYmg~n wbe©vPb Ki‡Zb| Ø›Ø e¨vL¨vKi‡Y wZwb c`v_©weÁv‡bi Dce„ËvKvi MwZ e¨envi K‡ib Ges ˆRe imvq‡bi D‡jøL Ki‡Zb| gvK©m e¨vL¨v K‡ib †h GKwU †hŠ‡Mi ivmvqwbK msMV‡b Kve©b, Aw·‡Rb I nvB‡Wªv‡Rb wewfbœ gvÎvq †hvM K‡i gvwÎK cwieZ©b msNwUZ Ki‡j ¸YMZfv‡e wewfbœ ag©vejx wewkó bZzb e¯‘mg~‡ni D™¢e N‡U|

GUv hw`I mZ¨ †h ‡mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡b 1925G G‡½j‡mi cÖK…wZi Øvw›ØKZv cÖKvwkZ nIqvi ci Zv ‡mLv‡b cÖfve`vqx wQj| ¯Ívwjbcš’xMY Øvw›ØKZvi †h ms¯‹iYwU e¨envi K‡ib Zv G‡½j‡mi wZbwU wbq‡gi Abgbxq cÖ‡qv‡Mi mv‡_ evauv wQj| ¯Ívwjb KZ…©K wbqg¸‡jv evievi cybive„Ë nq Ges GUv g‡b nq †h Zuvi AbymvixMY m¤ú~Y© Amgv‡jvPbxqfv‡e cÖK…wZi Øvw›ØKZvi aviYv MÖnY K‡ib| †h mg¯Í Aa¨vcKe„›` c~‡e© BÝwUwUDkbmg~‡ni †bZ…‡Z¡ wQ‡jb, Zuviv Zuv‡`i‡K Kwbô mn‡hvMxe„›` Øviv cÖwZ¯’vwcZ †`L‡Z †c‡jb| GB Kwbô mn‡hvMxe„›` Øvw›ØK e¯‘ev`, ev Gi ¯Ívwjwbq e¨vL¨vi cÖwZ wek¦¯ÍZv †NvlYv K‡ib| c~e©Zb A‡bK kÖ×vfvRb weÁvbxe„›` wb‡R‡`i e›`xK…Z Ae¯’vq †`L‡Z †c‡jb Ges GgbwK A‡bK‡K nZ¨v Kiv nq| ‡Îvwdg jvB‡mb‡Kv BÝwUwUDU Ae †R‡bwUK‡mi cÖavb wbhy³ nb, wZwb †R‡bwUKm‡K GKwU ey‡R©vqv wePz¨wZ wn‡m‡e cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡ib| weÁv‡bi Ici GB AvµgY¸‡jv wQj eyw×e„wËK Rxe‡bi mKj †ÿ‡Î ej‡kwfwKKi‡Yi e¨vcK cÖ‡Yv`bvi Ask| GKwU wek¦ kw³ wn‡m‡e wb‡R‡K envj ivLvi Zweq‡Z †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi we‡klvwqZ cÖ‡qvRbvejxi mnMvgx n‡Z weÁvb‡K eva¨Ki‡Y GUv wQj AskZ GKwU cÖ‡Póv| LuvwU weÁv‡bi Rb¨ Avi †Kv‡bv mgq wQ‡jv bv| weÁvbxe„›`‡K Zuv‡`i Kv‡Ri bvh¨Zv cÖwZcv`b Ki‡Z n‡Zv A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×i Rb¨ ¯Ívwj‡bi cuvPkvjv cwiKíbvmg~‡ni mv‡_ Gi m½wZc~Y©Zv cÖ`k©b Øviv| wKš‘ Gi wb‡Ri bvMwiK‡`i wbKU Ges cwð‡g Gi m¤¢vebxq mnvbyf~wZkxj‡`i wbKU ‡cÖv‡jZvwi‡q‡Zi ¯^v‡_© m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c cwiPvwjZ mgvR wn‡m‡e †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi Aw¯Í‡Z¡i bvh¨Zv cÖwZcv`‡b GUv wQj GKwU fvev`wk©K  cÖ‡Póvi Ask|

myZivs weÁvb‡K AwaKZi ÒØvw›ØKÓ n‡Z eva¨Ki‡Yi GB gg©vwšÍK cÖ‡Póvq G‡½jm AbwfcÖvwqKfv‡e GKwU f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _vK‡Z cv‡ib| wKš‘ Øvw›ØKZvi cÖwZ GKwU gZvwÜK `„wófw½ MÖnb wQj G‡½j‡mi AwfcÖvwqZ ‡kl welq| Ges, Aewk¨, cÖK…wZi Øvw›ØKZv wQj GKwU Amgvß KvR, GK mvwi ‡bv‡Ui mgvnvi ‡h¸‡jv wZwb we‡ePbvKiiƒ‡c ms‡kvab Ki‡Z cvi‡Zb, hw` wZwb wb‡R GwU‡K cÖKvk Ki‡Z cvi‡Zb| gvK©mev` I weÁv‡bi `k©b-G †n‡jbv wknvb hyw³ †`b †h welqwUi Ici Zuvi KvR‡K eis PzovšÍ A_© bv a‡i GB †ÿ‡Î GwU‡K GKwU m~PK wn‡m‡eB AwaKZiiƒ‡c †`Lv DwPZ| weÁv‡bi Ici G‡½j‡mi wb‡Ri gšÍe¨I GB `„wófw½‡K mg_©b K‡i, ‡mwU jy`wfM d‡qievL-G| GLv‡b wZwb †n‡M‡ji `k©‡bi m¤¢vebxq †K‡Rv Ae`vb Av‡jvPbv K‡ib, hv †_‡K wZwb wZbwU wbqg AvniY K‡ib, Ges †n‡M‡ji wKQz iÿYkxj e¨vL¨vejx cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡ib| G‡½jm wee„Z K‡ib: ÒZuvi Øvw›ØK c×wZi mv‡_ Am½wZc~Y©fv‡e, ‡n‡Mwjq e¨e¯’vi mgMÖ gZvwÜK Auvavi‡K Pig mZ¨ e‡j †NvlYv Kiv nq, hv mKj gZvÜZš¿‡K `ªexf~Z K‡i| GBfv‡e Zuvi wecøex w`K Pvcv c‡o hvq iÿYkxj w`‡Ki AwZe„w×i bx‡PÓ|

GLv‡b GwU cÖZxqgvb, wZwb ej‡Qb †h †n‡M‡ji wbqg¸‡jv D¤§y³ _vKv DwPZ g~j¨vqb Ges cybte¨vL¨vq‡bi Rb¨| Zviv wbqg¸‡jvi GKwU Abo †mU bq| hv‡nvK, GwU ejv hvq bv †h wZwb Øvw›ØKZv‡K cy‡ivcywi GKwU c×wZ wn‡m‡e MY¨ Ki‡Zb| GwUI ¯úó cÖZxqgvb †h, Kgc‡ÿ G‡½j‡mi w`K †_K ¸iæZ¡c~Y© n‡jv GB †h `ywbqv m¤ú‡K© wPšÍ‡bi cÖwµqvmg~n‡K Avgiv †h `ywbqv‡K Aa¨qb cÖqvmx Zvi cÖK…Z ‰ewkó¨ †_‡K c„_K Ki‡Z cvwi‡b|

jyKvm Ges mgv‡Ri Øvw›ØKZv   

cÖK…wZi Øvw›ØKZvi weiæ‡× nv‡½wiq gvK©mev`x wMqM© jyKv‡mi KvR wQj we‡klfv‡e GKwU kw³kvjx nvwZqvi| gvK©wmq `k©‡bi e¨venvwiK cÖ‡qv‡Mi e¨vcv‡i jyKvm Drmvnx wQ‡jb, †hLv‡b Øvw›ØKZv wQj wecø‡ei Rb¨ GKwU evnb| jyKv‡mi aviYvejx PgrKvifv‡e cwieZ©b n‡q‡Q Zuvi mvivRxeb e¨vcx Ges Zuvi wPšÍb‡K we¯ÍvwiZfv‡e GLv‡b Dc¯’vcb Am¤¢e| hv‡nvK, Øvw›ØK `k©‡bi cÖwZ Zuvi cÖ_g w`KKvi `„wófw½ me‡P‡q ¯úóvwqZfv‡e G‡m‡Q Zuvi aªæc`x KvR BwZnvm Ges †kÖwY m‡PZbZv-‡Z| wf‡qbv‡Z wbe©vmbiZ Ae¯’vq 1923G GwU cÖKvwkZ nq| jyKvm ‡ejv Kz‡bi KwgDwb÷ cvwU©i GKRb †bZ…¯’vbxq m`m¨ wQ‡jb, hw`I evg‡`i Ici AvwacZ¨ wQj AwaKZi e„nËi †mvk¨vj †W‡gvµ¨vwUK cvwU©i| A¨vWwgivj †nviw_ †`kwUi `Lj wb‡j, wZwb nv‡½wi †_‡K cvjv‡Z eva¨ n‡jb| ‡nviw_ KwgDwb÷‡`i wbwl× K‡ib Ges nZ¨v K‡‡ib Ges Zuv‡`i nvRvi nvRvi mg_©K‡`i e›`x K‡ib|

            jyKvm hyw³ †`b †h Avgiv Avgv‡`i Pvicv‡ki `ywbqvi cÖK…Z ˆewkó¨ ZvrÿwYKfv‡e Dcjwä Ki‡Z cvwi‡b| Avgiv GKwU ey‡R©vqv mgv‡R evm Kwi Ges wPšÍv Kwi †hwU Avgv‡`i aviYvejx‡K weK…Z K‡i| cyuwRZ‡š¿i Aax‡b Avgv‡`i wbKU me‡P‡q `iKvix AwaKvsk `ªe¨mvgMÖx c‡Y¨i iƒc aviY K‡i hv UvKvi gva¨‡g wewbgq‡hvM¨| myZivs, cY¨mvgMÖxi e¯‘MZ ˆewkó¨vejx, Ges †m¸‡jvi mvgvwRK Drmvejx AvovjK…Z nq Ges †KejgvÎ GKwU ˆewkó¨ cÖvmw½K nq, Avi Zvn‡jv evRv‡i †m¸‡jvi `vg| gvK©m hyw³ †`b †h cY¨mvgMÖxi cyuwRZvwš¿K wewbgq Gi wbR¯^ hyw³ (logic) AbymiY K‡iÑ Ges Awbevh©Zvi GKwU ‡eva (a sense of inevitability) w`‡Z cv‡i| jyKvm †hgbwU BwZnvm I †kÖYx m‡PZbZv MÖ‡š’ e‡jb:

welqMZfv‡e welqmg~‡ni `ywbqv (world of objects) Ges e¯‘mvgMÖxi g‡a¨Kvi m¤úK©vejx nVvr Aw¯ÍZ¡gvb nq (cY¨mvgMÖxi `ywbqv Ges evRv‡i Zv‡`i mÂvjb)| GB welqmg~‡ni wbqš¿YvwaKvix wbqgvejx cÖK…Zc‡ÿ gvbyl KZ…©K µgvMZfv‡e Avwe®‹…Z, wKš‘ Zvic‡iI Zviv Zvi mv‡_ gy‡LvgywL nq A`„k¨ kw³wbPq wn‡m‡e, hv Zv‡`i wbR¯^ ÿgZv Drcbœ K‡i|

            myZivs Avgiv cyuwRZvwš¿K e¨e¯’v‡K wPšÍv Kwi GK mvwi welqmg~n Øviv ˆZixK…Z e¨e¯’v wn‡m‡e| GB welqmg~n G‡K Ac‡ii mv‡_ m¤úK©vwqZ, wKš‘ GwU AwaKZi RwUj ev¯ÍeZv‡K Avovj K‡i| jyKvm hyw³ †`b †h kÖwgK †kÖYx cyuwRZvwš¿K e¨e¯’v‡K Ggb PgrKvifv‡e DcjwäKi‡Y mÿg ‡h Zv ey‡R©vqv †kÖYx cv‡i bv| Gi KviY n‡jv cyuwRZš¿‡K cÖengvb ivL‡Z Avgvi wb‡RivB me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| Avgiv Avgv‡`i kÖg ÿgZv `v‡gi Rb¨ cyuwRcwZ †kÖYxi wbKU weµq Kwi, myZivs kÖg m¤úv`‡b Avgv‡`i mÿgZv, Zv GKfv‡e welqK…Z nq Ges  c‡Y¨ iƒcvšÍwiZ nq| Kxfv‡e cyuwRZš¿ KvR K‡i, †cÖv‡jZvwi‡qZ wVK Zv evB‡i †_‡K  ch©‡eÿY K‡i bv, eis cyuwRZ‡š¿i ‡fZ‡i wµqv K‡i| †kÖYx msMÖv‡gi nvwZqvi wn‡m‡e Ges Abykxjb †_‡K Awe‡”Q`¨fv‡e ZË¡‡K Ae‡jvK‡b jyKvm gvK©m‡K AbymiY K‡ib: Òe¯‘ev`x Øvw›ØKZv n‡jv GKwU wecøex Øvw›ØKZvÓ, Avgv‡`i evmK…Z mgv‡R Kvh©Ki cÖwµqvmg~n Abyave‡b Zv GKwU Dcvq †KejgvÎ bq, m‡½ m‡½ H mgvR‡K cwiZ©‡bi Rb¨ GKwU nvwZqviI e‡U| cyuwRZvwš¿K mgv‡Ri ev¯ÍeZv D˜NvU‡b kÖwgK †kÖYxi f~wgKvi Ici jyKvm g‡bv‡hvM wbe× K‡ib| Òmgv‡R Øvw›ØKZvi Ici cÖvq GK‡PwUqv ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc‡bÓ Zuvi cÖK…wZi wel‡q mvgvb¨B ejvi wQj| jyKv‡mi gZvbymv‡i, cyuwRZvwš¿K mgv‡R kÖwgK †kÖYx BwZnv‡mi welqx I welq (subject and object of history) Dfq wn‡m‡e †h PgrKvi f~wgKv cvjb K‡i, †mwU cÖvK…wZK RM‡Zi wewfbœ AwfgyL †hgb cÖvwY RMr, Dw™¢` RMr, cÖ¯‘img~n, BZ¨vw` †mB GKB f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Zviv †kÖYx msMÖv‡g wb‡qvwRZ _v‡K bv|

GUv cÖvqB AbygvbK…Z nq ‡h cÖK…wZi Øvw›ØKZvi aviYv‡K jyKvm mvgwMÖKfv‡e evwZj K‡i ‡`b GKwU Abygv‡bi Ici| GB AbygvbwUi Rb¨ A‡bKLvwb `vqx BwZnvm I †kÖYx ‡PZbv MÖ‡š’i AbyMvgx c¨v‡mRwU: ÒG‡½jm KZ…©K Øvw›ØKZvi Dc¯’vcb †_‡K fyj Dcjwä g~jMZfv‡e GB NUbvq wbwnZ †h G‡½jm ‡n‡M‡ji åvšÍ D`vniY Abymi‡Y Øvw›ØK c×wZ‡K cÖK…wZi Ávb Aewa m¤úªmviY K‡ibÓ| hv‡nvK, jyKvm m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c cÖK…wZi Øvw›ØKZv‡K cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡iwQ‡jb wKbv, †m m¤ú‡K© Rb wiR cÖkœ †Zv‡jb| Avgv‡`i mgvR Aa¨qb c×wZmg~‡ni mv‡_ Avgv‡`i cÖK…wZ Aa¨qb c×wZmg~‡ni mgxK…ZKi‡Yi Rb¨ jyKvm G‡½j‡mi mgv‡jvPbv K‡ib| jyKv‡mi †ÿ‡Î, GKRb `~ieZ©x, welqMZ ch©‡eÿK wn‡m‡e mgvR Aa¨q‡bi w`‡K Avgiv AwfMgb Ki‡Z cvwi bv, †hgbwU Avgiv (Abygvbwm×iƒ‡c) cÖK…wZi w`‡K cvwi| Avgiv mgv‡Ri Ask, myZivs Avgiv GUv‡K †fZi †_‡K ch©‡eÿY Kwi| GUv cÖ‡qvRbMZfv‡e Abygvb Kievi `iKvi †bB †h cÖK…wZi †Kv‡bv Øvw›ØKZv †bB| hv‡nvK, gbyl¨R‡bi m‡PZb n¯’‡ÿc Qvov cÖK…wZ‡Z D™¢~Z ‡h‡Kv‡bv Øvw›ØK c×wZmg~n mgvR ch©‡eÿ‡Y c×wZmg~n †_‡K c„_K n‡e| GUvI h_v_©fv‡e ¯§iYxq †h 1923G jyKvm cÖK…wZi Øvw›ØKZv Aa¨qb bvI K‡i _vK‡Z cv‡ib Ges we‡kl K‡i H †U·‡U GKvi‡Y mvov bvI w`‡q _vK‡Z cv‡ib, †hwU ZLb ch©šÍ cÖKvwkZ nqwb|

cÖK…wZ Øviv Avgiv wK eywS?

cieZ©x‡Z mgv‡jvPKe„›` c&ÖkœvwqZ K‡ib †h cÖvK…wZK RMr †_‡K ‡NivIK…Z I c„_K K‡i gvbe mgvR‡K Aa¨qb Kiv hvq wKbv, †hgbwU jyKvm K‡i‡Qb e‡j cÖZxqgvb nq| Av‡šÍvwbI MÖvgwk jyKvm m¤ú‡K© e‡jb †h Òhw` Zuvi AwaKvi-L¨vcb (assertion) cÖK…wZ I gvby‡li g‡a¨ GKwU ˆØZZv c~e©vbygvb K‡i, Z‡e wZwb åvšÍ| hw` cÖK…wZi Øvw›ØKZvi aviYv‡Z †Kv‡bv wKQz Av‡Q e‡j g~j¨vqb Kiv nq, Zvn‡j GUv g‡b nq †h Avgv‡`i ÒcÖK…wZÓGi wKQz aviYv cÖK…Zc‡ÿ wK A_© cÖKvk K‡i †m m¤ú‡K© Kgc‡ÿ GKgZ nIqv cÖ‡qvRb| GB cÖkœwU cÖvqB Gai‡bi hyw³mg~n †_‡K †ei K‡i Avbv nq (left out of such arguments)| Øvw›ØKZv wK, GB aviYvi Ici weZK© mvaviYZ ‡K›`ªxf~Z _v‡K Ges GwU weZwK©Z †_‡K hvq|

wKš‘ mwZ¨ K_v ej‡Z  cÖK…wZi aviYv KwVbB †_‡K hvq| DBwjqvg ‡igÛ GwU‡K Òfvlv‡Z m¤¢eZt me‡_‡K RwUj kãÓ wn‡m‡e wb‡`©wkZ K‡ib| myZivs mywbw`©ó msÁvi †`Lv cvIqv GB cÖe‡Üi cwimxgvi evB‡i| wKš‘ cÖK„wZ kãwU wK wb‡`©k K‡i †m m¤ú‡K© AwaKZi cÖwZwµqvkxj Abygvbmg~‡ni KZK¸wj m¤ú‡K© Avgiv cÖkœ DÌvcb Ki‡Z cvwi|

Avgvi wb‡Ri welq f~‡Mv‡j cÖK…wZ m¤ú‡K© me‡P‡q AšÍ`©„wó mÄvZ aviYvejxi wKQzUv weKwkZ n‡q‡Q| GwU m¤¢eZ welqwUi BwZnvm NwUZ Kvi‡Y| HwZwn¨K Kvi‡Y f~‡Mvjwe`MY †mB mg¯Í gvbyl hviv `ywbqv cwiågY K‡ib, bvbv gvbe mgvR ch©‡eÿY K‡ib Ges civgk© †`b RbMY †h cwi‡e‡k evm K‡ib, †mwU Kxfv‡e GB mgvR¸‡jv‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i _vK‡Z cv‡i| D`vniY¯^iƒc, Av‡Mi f~‡Mvjwe`MY GB eY©Zvwš¿K wg_wU cÖPvi K‡ib †h Dò Rjevqy‡Z emevmiZ RbM‡Yi `wi`ª nevi ‡SuvK we`¨gvb, KviY Rjevqy msµvšÍ Ae¯’vejx AjmZvq Drmvn †hvMvq|  AvR‡Ki w`‡b (AwaKvsk) f~‡Mvjwe`MY AwfgZwUi mgv‡jvPbvq AwaKZi †mv”Pvi, †hwU e‡j †h mij I Awbw`©ófv‡e cwi‡ek mgvR‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i | wKš‘ mgvR I cÖK…wZi g‡a¨Kvi m¤ú‡K© AvMÖn GL‡bv we`¨gvb| f~‡Mvj cÖvqB eY©bvK…Z nq GKwU †mZzK…Z wWwmwcøb wn‡m‡e, AskZ mvgvwRK weÁvb, AskZ cÖvK…wZK weÁvb|

                   GB cÖkœvejx‡Z mywbw`©ófv‡e GKwU gvK©mev`x `„wófw½ †bqv me‡P‡q weL¨vZ f~‡Mvjwe`‡`i GK wQ‡jb cÖqvZ †bBj w¯§_ (hvi W‡±vivj w_wmmwU GKwU eB wn‡m‡e cÖKvwkZ n‡qwQj: Uneven Development)| w¯§_ hyw³ †`b †h cÖK…wZ m¤ú‡K© Avgv‡`i aviYvejxi A‡bK¸‡jv‡K †kÖYx mgv‡Ri fvev`‡k©i mv‡_ Ges †kÖYx mgv‡Ri mywbw`©ó iƒc wn‡m‡e cyuwRZ‡š¿i fvev`‡k©i mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| gvK©m cÖK…wZi cÖwZ Zuvi `„wófw½‡Z ‡h AvswkK AšÍ`„©wómg~n †i‡L †M‡Qb, Zv‡Z mvie¯‘ †hvM KivB Zuvi Kv‡Ri jÿ¨| Avgiv cÖK…wZ‡K ‡`Lvi cÖeYZv cÖ`k©b Kwi gvbeZv †_‡K evwn¨K †Kv‡bvwKQz wn‡m‡e| ÒcÖvK…wZK RMr n‡jv Avgv‡`i bMi¸‡jvi cÖvšÍmxgvmg~‡ni evB‡i Aew¯’Z ‡ZcvšÍi, gvbe n¯Í‡ÿc gy³ A`~wlZ GKwU ¯^M©| cÖK…wZi GB cÖwZwe¤^¸‡jv A‡bK ÒMfxi meyRÓ cwi‡ekZvwš¿K wPšÍvwe`e„‡›`i fvev`‡k©i †K‡›`ª Aew¯’Z| Aewk¨, A‡bK gvbylRb hviv wb‡R‡`i we‡ePbv K‡ib cwi‡ekZvwš¿K wn‡m‡e, Zuviv gbyl¨R‡bi Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ Mfxifv‡e DwØMœ| hv‡nvK, GKwU evwn¨K cÖK…wZ msiÿ‡Yi fvev`k© ivR‰bwZKfv‡e AmnvqK n‡Z cv‡i| GwU GB wek¦vm‡K jvjb K‡i †h gvby‡li cÖ‡qvRbmg~n cÖvK…wZK `ywbqvi cÖ‡qvRbmg~‡ni wecixZ, †hwU †`Lv †h‡Z cv‡i jvMvZvi GB hyw³wU‡Z †h cÖK…wZ iÿvKi‡Y Avgv‡`i gvbe RbmsL¨v e„w× mxwgZ Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| †WwfW G‡Ub‡ev‡ivi mv¤úªwZK mg‡qi gšÍe¨mg~‡n GwU  cÖ`wk©Z nq †h gvbyl n‡jv Ò`ywbqv‡Z †cøMÓ| cÖK…wZ‡K msiÿ‡Yi AwaKZi Eb AvMÖnx gvbyRbB gvbe mgvR ‡_‡K c„_KxK…Z cÖK…wZi Av`k© mg_©b K‡i | †UK‡bvµ¨vwUK wPšÍKMY hyw³ †`b †h Avgiv cÖK…wZi Ici wbqš¿Y wb‡Z cvwi| Zuviv civgk© †`b †h Av‡iv my&ÿèZi cÖhyw³ D™¢veb Øviv Avgiv Avgv‡`i mKj cvwi‡ewkK mgm¨vejx mgvavb Ki‡Z cvwi| c~‡e©i gZb GKB A_©‰bwZK wbqgvejxi Ici wfwË K‡i Avgiv Avgv‡`i mgvRmg~n cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z cvwi Ges ‡KejgvÎ evwn¨Kfv‡e cÖK…wZ‡K wbqš¿Y Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i e‡j MY¨ Kwi| ‡kvl‡Yi Rb¨ cÖK…wZ Avgv‡`i wbKU GKwU ¯^M© ev GKwU Drm hvB †nvK bv †Kb, GwU‡K GL‡bv mgvR †_‡K evwn¨K Aw¯ÍZ¡iƒ‡c wbw`©óvwqZ (defined) Kiv nq| GB `„wófw½mg~n meB cÖK…wZ-mgvR ˆØZZ‡š¿ Acwinvh© (predicated)|

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            hw` ey‡R©vqv‡`i wPšÍvfvebv cÖK…wZ‡K GKwU A¯úk©bxq weivb f~wg wn‡m‡e †`‡L, Z‡e GwU †KejgvÎ cÖK…Z Ae¯’v‡K A¯úóKi‡YB mnvqZv K‡i| gvbe mË¡v ‡KejgvÎ `ywbqv‡Z emevmB K‡i bv, eis `ywbqvi Ici cÖfveI †d‡j|| bvbv ai‡bi mgvR cÖK…wZ‡K e¨envi K‡i (treat) bvbv c×wZ‡Z| cyuwRZš¿ cÖK…wZi cÖ‡Z¨K w`K‡K e¨enviKi‡Yi cÖeYZv †`Lvq GKUvwKQz wn‡m‡e hv m¤¢vebxqiƒ‡c evRv‡i wewbg‡qi Rb¨ c‡Y¨ cwiYZ nq| Gi cÖfve ej‡qi evB‡i †Kv‡bv cÖvK…wZK RMr †bB| GgbwK cÖK…wZ m¤ú‡K© wPšÍv K‡i, Avgiv †h ai‡bi mgv‡R evm Kwi Zvi cÖ‡qvRbmg~‡ni Ici wfwË K‡i Avgiv GUv m¤ú‡K© wPšÍvKi‡Y eva¨ nB GKwU we‡kl c×wZ‡Z| wKš‘ mvaviYZ Avgiv wVK cÖK…wZ‡K Mfxifv‡e wPšÍvB Kwi‡b, eis GwU‡K gybvdvi GKwU Drm ev Avgv‡`i e‡R©i ¯‘c †djvi GKwU RvqMv‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ Kwi| w¯§_ hyw³ †`b †h ÒcÖvBm UvMiƒ‡c , cÖ‡Z¨KwU e¨envi-g~j¨ GKwU `vIqvZ †cuŠ‡Q †`q kÖg cÖwµqv‡Z, Ges cyuwR-Gi ¯^fveMZ Kvi‡Y AwZ `iKvix wewkó mË¡v (quintessential socialite) Ges cÖ‡Z¨KwU `vIqvZ cY¨ ˆZix‡Z cÖ‡Yvw`Z nq| Kve©b evRv‡ii DÌv‡b GwU we¯§vqKiƒ‡c ¯úó, Avgiv †h evZv‡m k¦vm-cÖk¦vm †bB, Zv‡Z GwU GKwU Avw_©K g~j¨ Kvh©Kiiƒ‡c Av‡ivc K‡i| w¯§_ I Ab¨‡`i Rb¨ ÒcÖK…wZi Drcv`bÓ Gi ZË¡ ˆØZZvwš¿K aviYvejxi cÖwZ GKwU cÖwZ‡laK| hw` hyw³ †`Iqv nq †h cÖK…wZ Drcv`b Kiv nq, Zvi A_© GB bq †h Avgiv gvb‡eiv AvÿwiK A‡_© Gi cÖ‡Z¨KwU w`K m„Rb Kwi; Avgiv ce©Zgvjv ˆZwi Kwi‡b| hv‡nvK, Avgiv AvÿwiK A‡_© bqv RxešÍ mË¡vmg~n (wRbMZ cwieZ©b w`‡q) Ges bqv ev¯‘ms¯’vbmg~n †hgb weebvq‡bi gva¨‡g ˆZixK…Z R½jvr Rwgmg~n ˆZix Kwi| GwU ejv †h‡Z cv‡i †h Avgv‡`i Kg©mg~n cyivZbwUi g‡a¨ GKwU bqv cÖK…wZ ˆZix K‡i| gvK©m hyw³ †`b †h GgbwK Zvi Kv‡j Lye Kg Ò‡ZcvšÍiÓ Aewkó wQj| w¯§_‡K D×…Z K‡i ejv hvq: cÖK…wZ aviYvi AvwacZ¨ ïiæ nq cÖK…wZ I mgvR‡K `yywU c„_K GjvKv wn‡m‡e MY¨ K‡i Ges Zv‡`i‡K GKxf~ZKi‡Yi cÖ‡Póvmg~n †_‡K| gvK©‡m Avgiv wecixZ cÖwµqv †`wL| Zv‡`i g‡a¨ †h wew”QbZvB we`¨gvb _vKzK bv †Kb, wZwb cÖK…wZi mv‡_ [mgv‡Ri, Aby:] m¤úK© ïiæ K‡ib GKwU HK¨ wn‡m‡e Ges hyMcr HwZnvwmK I †hŠw³K djvdj (historical and logical result) wn‡m‡e AvniY K‡ib|

            cÖK…wZi cÖwZ GB `„wófw½wU‡KB Øvw›ØK wn‡m‡e eY©bv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| cuywR-‡Z gvK©m KZ…©K weKwkZ I cÖ‡qvMK…Z (developed and employed) ‡h c×wZ wZwb e¨envi K‡ib, Ijg¨vb (Ollman) Zv‡K mvaviYxKi‡Yi wewfbœ ch©vqmg~n e‡j  AwfwnZ K‡ib| mgMÖ wek¦ eª¤§vÛ RwUj Ges wbqZ cwieZ©bkxj| mewKQzB mewKQzi m‡½ m¤úwK©Z| wKš‘ mgMÖ wek¦ m¤ú‡K© GKev‡i wPšÍvKi‡Yi †Póv Am¤¢e| myZivs gvK©m Øvw›ØKZv e¨envi K‡ib GKwU c×wZ wn‡m‡e `ywbqvi wewfbœ w`‡Ki Ici Zuvi g‡bv‡hvM wbe×Ki‡Y| KL‡bv wZwb kiY †bb cyuwRZvwš¿K mgv‡Ri ch©v‡qi cÖwµqvmg~‡n, KL‡bv AwaKZi mvaviYfv‡e †kÖYx mgv‡Ri| KL‡bv wZwb Zuvi hyw³mg~‡ni e¨vw߇K AwaKZi wek`vwqZ K‡ib GB mycvwik K‡i †h wZwb ‡h wel‡qi kiY †bb Zv cÖvK…wZK `ywbqvi mg‡MÖi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z| GKwU wbw`©ó c‡q›U ˆZixKi‡Y, D`vniY¯^iƒc, cyuwRcwZ I kÖwgK‡`i g‡a¨Kvi m¤úK© e¨vL¨vKi‡Y hw` gbyl¨R‡bi gv‡S Kx N‡U , wVK Zvi kiY †bqv nq, Zvn‡j GwU cÖvqB A_© enb K‡i| KL‡bv cuywRZvwš¿K mgv‡R cyuwRcwZ †kÖYx Ges  kÖwgK †kÖYx Kx c×wZ‡Z m¤úwK©Z, Zv D‡jøLKi‡Y GwU A_© enb K‡i, wKš‘ GB m¤úK© GKwU e¨vc„Z †cÖÿvcU, hv‡Z GwU Aw¯ÍZ¡kxj Zv †_‡K ¯^vaxbfv‡e Aw¯ÍZ¡gvb bq| Ijg¨v‡bi Rb¨, GwU GB hyw³ mg_©b K‡i †h G‡½j‡mi gZb gvK©‡mi AwfcÖvq wQj †h Øvw›ØKZv  †Kej mgv‡R bq, mgvR I cÖK…wZ DfqwU‡Z cÖ‡qvM‡hvM¨| †KD GKRb gvbe mgvR m¤ú‡K© GKwU we‡kl hyw³ ˆZixKi‡Y e¨envi K‡i _vK‡Z cv‡i, Zvi †_‡K eis gvbe mgvR †h mgMÖ cÖvK…wZK RM‡Zi Ask, GwU ch©‡eÿY n‡jv mvaviYxKi‡Yi wewfbœ ch©v‡q welqmg~n‡K ‡`Lv|

            mgvR I cÖK…wZ G‡K Ac‡ii mv‡_ Kxfv‡e m¤úwK©Z, †m m¤ú‡K© Lye †ekx cÖkœ ZLb gvK©m I gvK©mev`x‡`i mvg‡b wQj bv| cwie‡Z© Avgv‡`i cÖkœ Kiv DwPZ Kxfv‡e mg‡MÖi GB `ywU w`K Av‡`Š c„_KxK…Z n‡q †Mj cÖ_g ch©v‡q| Rb †ejvwg ‡dv÷vi GB c‡q›UwU †bb, whwb gvK©‡mi †gUv‡evwjK dvU‡ji aviYv (concept of a metabolic rift) cybiæ×vi K‡ib| gvK©m hyw³ †`b †h Avgv‡`i Pvicv‡ki `ywbqvi mv‡_ gvbe mË¡vmg~n ‡gUv‡evwjK Dcv‡q wg_w®Œqv K‡i| Avgv‡`i KvRKi‡Yi Ges Avgv‡`i kÖg kw³ e¨enviKi‡Yi mvg_©¨ GB wg_w®Œqv‡K mnRZi K‡i| cywRuZš¿ kÖg kw³‡K cY¨vwqZ K‡i Ges GwU‡K gybvdvi Dr‡m iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i| GwU hyMcr gvbeZv I cÖK…wZi g‡a¨ GKwU †gUv‡evwjK dvUj m„Rb K‡i| myZivs, GwU hyw³ †`qv nq †h dvUj HwZnvwmK AvKw¯§K GKUv wKQz, †hwU weKwkZ nq cuywRZ‡š¿i weKv‡ki mv‡_| cyuwR LÛ wZb-Gi GKwU c¨v‡m‡R gvK©m eY©bv K‡ib Kxfv‡e cyuwRZš¿ KZ©„K m„ó kZ©vejx ÒcÖ‡ivwPZ K‡i mvgvwRK †gUv‡evwjR‡gi ¯^vaxb cÖwµqv‡Z GKwU A‡givgZ‡hvM¨ dvUj ‰ZixKi‡Y, †h †gUv‡evwjRgwU wbw`©óvwqZ nq ¯^qs Rxe‡bi cÖvK…wZK wbqgvejx w`‡qÓ| GB c¨v‡m‡R gvK©m †NvlYv K‡ib †h cÖK…wZ wn‡m‡e GKwU welq we`¨gvb ( Ges cÖ¯ÍveKi‡Y GZ`~i hvb †h ‡mLv‡b cÖvK…wZK wbqgvejx we`¨gvb)| wZwb cÖK…wZ‡K †`‡Lbwb Pig A‡_© m¤ú~Y©Z mvgvwRKfv‡e MVbK…Z wn‡m‡e, †hfv‡e c`wU KL‡bv KL‡bv e¨eüZ nq| †hb mgvR †_‡K c„_K Gfv‡e cÖK…wZ/RxeweÁvb Gi Ici m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c g‡bv‡hvM wbe×KiY n‡jv gvK©m I G‡½j‡mi `„wófw½i mv‡_ Am½wZc~Y©| wKš‘ hw` G `ywU Ac„_KvwqZ nq Z‡e GKR‡bi mgxKi‡Yi mvgvwRK c‡ÿi Ici m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c g‡bv‡hvM Ges  cÖK…wZ‡K m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c mgvR K…Z©K wbY©xZ wn‡m‡e ch©‡eÿY, Gfv‡e ‡dvKvmKiY mgm¨vKxY©|

            hw` Avgiv cÖK…wZ ˆZix Kwi Z‡e AvwacZ¨ ev e¨e¯’vcbvi (domination or management) ‡P‡q Gi mv‡_ Avgv‡`i m¤úK© AwaKZi RwUj| hv‡nvK, GwU GB A_©I K‡i †h Avgiv ‡h Dcv‡q cÖK…wZ m„Rb Kwi Zv cwieZ©b Ki‡Z cvwi| Rjevqy cwieZ©b I cÖRvwZ wbwðýKi‡Yi gZb cÖwµqv wbPq cÖwZ‡ivaKi‡Y Avgv‡`i cÖ‡Póv Ae¨vnZ ivLv DwPZ, wKš‘ Kíbv Kiv DwPZ bq †h hv Avgiv KiwQ Zv gvbe Aw¯Í‡Z¡i c~‡e©Kvi wKQz GKUv KwíZ cÖvK…wZK Ae¯’vq cwi‡ek‡K cybiæ×viKiY bq| cwie‡Z© Avgv‡`i cÖK…wZ m„R‡bi c×wZi Ici g‡bvhvM wbe× Kiv DwPZ , Kx D‡Ïk¨vejx Ges Kv‡`i AvMÖ‡nÑ G¸‡jvi w`‡K| ‡bBj w¯§_ GB nZvkZvwš¿K hyw³ cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡ib †h gvbeZv memgq cwi‡ek †kvlY Ki‡e| mvaviY RbMY KZ©„K wbqš¿YK…Z cÖK…wZ Drcv`b wfwËK  mgvRZ‡š¿i Rb¨ wZwb hyw³ †`b| hw` Avgiv Øvw›ØKZv‡K †`wL †KejgvÎ mgv‡R Aw¯ÍZ¡gvb wn‡m‡e, Zvn‡j Avgiv GB `„wófw½‡K †Rvi`viKi‡Yi SzuwK †bB †h cÖK…wZ GKwU mvgwMÖKfv‡e c„_K †ÿÎ, GwU GK ai‡Yi ˆØZZš¿ hv weiæ‡× †bBj w¯§_, Rb †ejvwg d÷vi Ges Ab¨vb¨iv hyw³ †`b| †Kb MÖvgwki gZb gvbylRb jyKv‡mi cÖK…wZ I mgvR c„_KKi‡Yi cÖ‡Póvi cÖeYZv‡K cÖkœwe× K‡ib Zvi KviY m¤¢eZ GB ˆØZZš¿| hv‡nvK, hw` GB cÖK…wZ m¤ú‡K© jyKvm åvšÍ nb, Zvn‡jI GwU ejv hvq bv †h Zuvi aviYvejx cÖMwZkxj cwi‡ekZvwš¿K ivRbxwZi Rb¨ A‡K‡Rv| cÖvK…wZK RMr m¤ú‡K© cÖkœvejx DÌvc‡b jyKvm, MÖvgwk Ges divwm gvK©mev`x `vk©wbK †nbwi ‡j‡de‡eª (Henri Lefebvre) Gi gZb gvK©mev`x wPšÍK‡`i aviYvejx cÖ‡qvM K‡ib mv¤úªwZK Kv‡ji wPšÍ‡Kiv, we‡klZ f~‡Mvjwe`MY|

                gvK©m I G‡½j‡mi g‡a¨Kvi m¤úK© A_ev GgbwK cÖK…wZi cÖwZ Avgv‡`i `„wófw½i ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖ‡kœi †P‡q cÖK…wZi Øvw›ØKZvi Ici weZK©vejxi GKwU e¨vcK Zvrch© i‡q‡Q gvK©mev`x Z‡Ë¡i Rb¨| gvK©mev` Kx ai‡Yi `k©b Ges H `k©b wK‡mi Rb¨ e¨envi Kiv nq e‡j a‡i †bqv hvq- G m¤ú‡K© cÖkœvejxi g~‡j GwU wb‡q hvq| `ywbqvUv Kxfv‡e KvR K‡i †m m¤ú‡K© wKQz †gŠwjK welq DcjwäKi‡Y G‡½jm †PóviZ wQ‡jb e‡j g‡b nq| ev¯ÍweK  e¯‘MZ cÖwµqvejxi eqvb wn‡m‡e wZwb Øvw›ØKZv‡K †`‡Lb| hLb wZwb e‡jb cwigvYMZ cwieZ©b ¸YMZ cwieZ©‡bi w`‡K avweZ nq, ZLb GwU wVK GB A_© cÖKvk K‡i bv †h `ywbqvUv‡K we‡ePbvKi‡Y †hb GwU msNwUZ nq A_ev `ywbqvUv‡K GBfv‡e wPšÍvKi‡Y GwU GKwU †K‡Rv c×wZ| wZwb g‡b K‡ib †h GwU cÖK…Z c‡ÿ GBfv‡e wµqv K‡i| me `vk©wbK GKgZ nb bv †h wPšÍbiZ e¨w³i g‡bi evB‡i `ywbqvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ we`¨gvb| Ges H `ywbqvUv Kxfv‡e KvR K‡i G m¤ú‡K© wKQzUv DcjwäKi‡Yi cÖ‡PóvwUi †ÿ‡Î `k©‡bi Rb¨ GKwU mve©Rbxb M„wnZ f~wgKv †bB| A‡bK wPšÍK‡`i Rb¨ GB hyw³ ‡`qvi cÖ‡PóvwU GZ`~i D”Pvwfjvlx †h ev¯ÍeZv cwiPvjbvKvix wbqgvejx A_ev cÖwµqvejx we`¨gvb Av‡Q Ges Avgiv GB wbqgvejx Dcjwä‡Z mÿg|

            hv‡nvK, `k©‡bi cÖwZ GB e¯‘ev`x `„wófw½ mvgvwRK cÖkœvejx‡Z gvK©‡mi `„wófw½i mv‡_ m½wZc~Y©| gvK©m Zuvi d‡qievL m¤ú‡K© w_wm‡m GKgZ †cvlY K‡ib †h Ò Abykxjb †_‡K wew”Qbœ wPšÍ‡bi ev¯ÍeZv ev bv-ev¯ÍeZv (reality or non-reality of thinking)Gi Ici weZK© (dispute) n‡jv GKwU cy‡ivcywi cwÛZxq cÖkœ (a purely scholastic question)| hw` Avgiv `ywbqv cwieZ©‡b jÿ¨ w¯’i Kwi, Z‡e GB hyw³i Ici `uvov‡Z n‡e †h Avgv‡`i `ywbqvUv Aw¯ÍZ¡gvb, G wel‡q GKgZ nIqv DwPZ| Ges H `ywbqvUv DcjwäKi‡Yi cÖ‡Póvi cÖKíwU Avgv‡`i HKvwšÍKfv‡e wb‡Z n‡e| Aewk¨, gvK©mev` n‡jv `ywbqvwU‡Z n¯’‡ÿcKiY, †KejgvÎ GwU e¨vL¨vKiY bq| wKš‘ gvK©‡mi Rb¨, G `ywU Awew”Qbœ| Avgiv G‡Z n¯’‡ÿ‡ci gva¨‡g `ywbqvUv e¨vL¨v Kwi Ges Avgv‡`i e¨vL¨vi Ici wfwË K‡i n¯’‡ÿc Kwi|

‡Kb AwaK Øvw›ØK weÁvbx †bB?

wKš‘ hw` cÖvK…wZK RM‡Z cÖK…Z Øvw›ØK cÖwµqvejx KvR K‡i, Z‡e GwU GB cÖkœ DÌvcb K‡i ‡h †Kb †KejgvÎ cÖK…wZ Aa¨qbiZ ¯^í msL¨K weÁvbx GwU‡K ¯^xKvi K‡ib| †Kb AwaK msL¨K Øvw›ØK weÁvbx †bB| cÖwZ-Reve †`qv hvq †h A‡bK hyw³wbPq we`¨gvb, ‡Kej weÁv‡b bq, †hLv‡b gvK©mev`xMY Abyfe K‡ib †h Zv‡`i aviYvejx mwVK, wKš‘ ‡mLv‡b AwaKvsk RbMY wfbœgZ †cvlY K‡ib| †Kb AwaK msL¨K A_©bxwZwe` †bB hviv gybvdv nvi n«v‡mi cÖeYZv MÖnb K‡ibwb|

Avgiv cÖvqB a‡i ‡bB †h weÁvb wbi‡cÿ| Ab¨ K_vq, Avgiv wPšÍvKi‡Yi cÖeYZv ‡`LvB †h hLb weÁvbxe„›` cÖvK…wZK RMr ch©‡eÿY K‡ib, Zuv‡`i A‡š^l‡Yi c×wZmg~n Zuv‡`i my‡hvM K‡i †`q `ywbqvi GKwU welqMZ Dcjwä AR©‡b, †hwU Avgiv Aewkóvskiv cvwi †b| hv‡nvK, weÁvbxe„›` mgv‡Ri evB‡i emevm K‡ib bv| M‡elYvq g‡bv‡hv‡Mi `vex`vi Zuv‡`i ZË¡wbPq, GgbwK cÖkœvejxi aibmg~n, cÖwZdwjZ K‡i Zuviv †h mgv‡R evm K‡i Ges KvR K‡i, †mB mgv‡Ri cÖKiY| myZivs ejv hvq †h weÁvbxe„›` ev¯ÍweK RMr (real world) ch©‡eÿY K‡ib GKwU mvgvwRK wcÖR‡gi gva¨‡g, †hwU Zuv‡`i `„wó‡K weK…Z K‡i| jyKvm kbv³ K‡ib †h cyuwRZš¿ cÖvK…wZK RM‡Zi wewfbœ Ask‡K evRv‡i wewbg‡qi Rb¨ c‡Y¨ iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i| Dw™¢‡` mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Yi nvi e„w×KiY wb‡q M‡elYviZ weÁvbxe„›` Dw™¢‡`i cvZvi iæwe‡¯‹v bvgK GKwU GbRvB‡gi Ici g‡bv‡hvM wbe× K‡ib| Zuviv †Póv Ki‡Qb H GbRvBg hv‡Z AwaKZi `ÿfv‡e KvR K‡i, G‡Z PzovšÍfv‡e Zuviv GKwU Dw™¢` BwÄwbqvi Ki‡Z cv‡i| eZ©gvb f¨vivBwUi Zzjbvq GB Dw™¢`wU AwaKZi km¨ Drcv`b Ki‡e K…lK‡`i Rb¨| GwU ‡`Lv m¤¢e nq Kxfv‡e G ai‡bi GKwU e¨e¯’v weÁvb‡K DrmvwnZ K‡i _vK‡Z cv‡i GKwU Øvw›ØK c×wZi cwie‡Z©  wiWvKkwb÷ c×wZ‡Z `ywbqv ch©‡eÿ‡Y| wdj †Rmcvi hyw³ †`b †h cyuwRZvwš¿K weÁv‡b wiWvKkwbR‡gi cÖwZ cÖeYZv cÖwZdwjZ K‡i cyuwRZvwš¿K mgv‡R e¨w³ ¯^vZš¿ev` (individualism) Gi AvwacZ¨| cÖwµqvejxi RwUj wn‡m‡e GB  GbRvBgwUi DrKl©vq‡bi cÖ‡PóvKiY A_ev Gi cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ HwZnvwmKfv‡e weKvkgvb m¤ú‡K©i mË¡v  wn‡m‡e GwU‡K ‡`LvÑ GB weÁvbx‡`i Rb¨ GwU we‡klfv‡e mnvqK bq| H GKwU GbRvB‡gi Ici KvRKi‡Y Zuviv AwaKZi mvg_©¨evb hw` Zuviv GwU‡K DcRxe¨ K‡ib Ggbfv‡e †hb GwU Dw™¢‡`i ev`evKx Ask †_‡K c„_K|

            Rb c¨vwi½Ub GKB ai‡bi hyw³ cÖwZwôZ K‡ib| wZwb hyw³ †`b †h wiWvKkwbR‡g, ÒGKwU e¨e¯’v‡K Zvi Dcv`vbmg~‡n e¨e‡”Q`KiY Ges ‡m¸‡jvi ¯^vZwš¿K Aa¨qb w`‡q GB e¨e¯’vwU‡K me‡P‡q fvjfv‡e Dcjwä Kiv hvqÓ-GB wek¦vmwU  gbyl¨ De©iZvi AvYweK RxeweÁv‡b Zuvi wb‡Ri M‡elYvq GKwU kw³kvjx nvwZqvi cÖ`vb K‡i| hv‡nvK, wiWvKkwbRg Gi Dc‡hvMxZvi mxgvq †cuŠ‡Q hLb GwU †Póv K‡i Kxfv‡e Gi AšÍ`©„wómg~n GKwU we¯Í…Z wP‡Îi mv‡_ Dc‡hvMx n‡q A_©c~Y© nq| GwU we‡klZ mgm¨vKxY© nq hLb RxeweÁvbxq M‡elYvi mvgvwRK Zvrch©¨wbPq (social implications) e¨vL¨vKiY cÖ‡Póvq e¨enviK…Z nqÑ hLb GwU GKwU c×wZ †_‡K GKwU fvev`‡k© iƒc jvf K‡i|

†jwfÝ I wj‡qvw›Ub Ges †÷fvb †iv‡Ri gZb ¯^í K‡qKRb Øvw›ØK RxeweÁvbxe„›`, G‡`i mevi cÖwZ Øvw›ØKZvi GKwU bgbxq ms¯‹iY Abymi‡Yi Awf‡hvM i‡q‡‡Q| wµm nvigvb hyw³ †`b †h hw` Avgiv cÖK…wZ‡Z GB †n‡Mwjq wbqgvejx cÖgv‡Yi cÖwZ ¯^xK…wZ Ávcb bv Kwi, we‡klZ ‡bwZi †bwZKi‡Y, Avgiv ÒGKUvwKQz †K›`ªxqÓ wgm Kwi| nvigvb hyw³ †`b †h RxešÍ mË¡vmg~n †KejgvÎ Zv‡`i cwi‡ekmg~‡ni mv‡_B m¤úwK©Z bq, Zviv H cwi‡ekmg~n w`‡q Ò‡bwZK…ZÓ| ‡h c×wZ‡Z Zviv wdiwZ cÖwZwµqv K‡i H cwi‡ekmg~‡n, †mwU‡K we‡ePbv Kiv DwPZ †bwZi ‡bwZKi‡Yi GKwU D`vniY wn‡m‡e| nvigv‡bi Rb¨, cwi‡e‡ki Ici wµqvKi‡Yi mvg_©¨ A‡bK cÖKv‡ii RxešÍ mË¡vmg~‡ni gv‡S LyeB mvaviY| wKš‘ †jwfÝ I †j‡qvw›Ub †_‡K c„_Kfv‡e wZwb hyw³ †`b †h †KejgvÎ hv‡`i g‡a¨ m‡PZbZv (consciousness) weKwkZ, †hgb gbyl¨Rb, Zv‡`i‡K MY¨ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i Aw¯ÍZ¡vwqZ welq †_‡K Aw¯ÍZ¡vwqZ welqx‡Z (being objects to being subjects)| ÒAÜ cÖZz¨ËiÓ mn Avgv‡`i cwi‡e‡k †KejgvÎ cÖwZwµqv msNU‡bi †_‡K eis Avgv‡`i Pvicv‡ki `ywbqv‡K wbqš¿‡Y gvby‡li mvg_©¨ we`¨gvb|

            wµ‡÷vd †bBqvim (Christof  Niehrs) GKRb Rvg©vb åæYZË¡we`, GKwU  mv¤úªwZK ˆeÁvwbK cÖe‡Ü RxeweÁv‡bi cÖwµqv Ges ‡n‡M‡ji wbqgvejxi g‡a¨Kvi AvbyôvwbK mv`„k¨ wZwb wek`fv‡e jÿ¨ K‡ib| LyeB cÖv_wgK mg‡q cï åæYmg~n Kxfv‡e weKwkZ nq, Zv wZwb ch©‡eÿY K‡ib, †Kvlmg~‡ni GKwU e‡ji Aw¯ÍZ¡vqb †_‡K GKwU cÖZ¨vwf‡Áq åæ‡Y iƒcvšÍi‡Yi A‡bK c~‡e©B| ‡Kvlmg~n KZ©„K †gvi‡dv‡Rbm bvgK ivmvqwbK `ªe¨vw` wbtmwiZ nq åæ‡Yi GK cv‡k¦©| †giæ`Ûx cÖvwYmg~‡n GB cv‡k¦©i weKvkvqb ïiæ nq hv‡Z GB cvk¦©wU n‡q I‡V ¯úvBbvj KW© _vKv cvk¦© (‡Wvm©vj mvBW)| G¸‡jv ZLb wecixZ cv‡k¦©i w`‡K wewfbœ ivmvqwbK `ªe¨vw` wbtmi‡Yi m~ÎcvZ K‡i hv †gvidv‡Rbmg~‡ni cÖ_g MÖæ‡ci Drcv`‡bi wecix‡Z KvR K‡i (GwU‡K †bwZK…Z K‡i)| G¸‡jv cvjvµ‡g c„ôxq w`‡K (at the dorsal side) †bwZK…Z nq| cÖvwY weKv‡k GwU n‡jv me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© avc¸‡jvi GKwU| GwU GKwU cÖwµqv D¤§y³ K‡i †hwU cwiYv‡g GKwU cÖvwYi MV‡bi w`‡K avweZ nq, †hwU‡Z †Kvlmg~‡ni GKwU mgmË¡ mgvnv‡ii cwie‡Z© eis GKwU ‡nW GÛ I GKwU †UBj GÛ we`¨gvb _v‡K| Ges GwU K`vwPr †bwZi ‡bwZKi‡Yi mv‡_ AwaKZi m`„k n‡Z cv‡i|

            hv‡nvK,  ÒcÖK…wZÓ‡Z †n‡M‡ji AvMÖ‡nvÏxcK D`vniYmg~n jÿ¨ K‡i h‡_ó ‡hvMm~Î cvIqv hvq bv, hv‡Z Kxfv‡e weÁvbxe„›` GB wbqgvejx Av‡`Š e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡i| hw` weÁvbxe„›` GB aviYv †_‡K ïiæKi‡Y cÖZ¨vkv K‡ib †h Zuviv evB‡i hv‡eb Ges Zuv‡`i Kv‡R wbqgvejxi D`vniYmg~n A‡š^lY Ki‡eb (†hwU wµm nvigvb Aby‡gv`b ‡`bwb), Zvn‡j GwU Øvw›ØKZv‡K GKwU e„w×e„wËK Abykxj‡bi SuywK‡Z †d‡j †`q| D‡jøwLZ mKj weÁvbxe„›` wee„Z K‡ib †h hLb Zuviv j¨v‡e hvb ZLb Ab¨iv hv K‡ib †mBfv‡eB GKB c×wZmg~n e¨envi K‡i GKB weÁvb Zuviv K‡ib| H cixÿYmg~n bv Kivi ˆKwdq‡Zi cwie‡Z© eis Zuv‡`i cixÿYmg~‡ni djvdj e¨vL¨vKi‡Y Øvw›ØKZv Zuv‡`i Rb¨ GK Dcvq| mywbw`©ó e¯‘MZ cÖc¸‡”Qi (material phenomena) Áv‡bi Ici wfwË K‡i ˆeÁvwbK Dcjwäi Rb¨ Øvw›ØKZvi wbqgvejx Rvbvi †Kv‡bv weKí †bB|

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            Avgv‡`i evmK…Z `ywbqvi ev¯ÍeZv DcjwäKiY‡K c„_K c„_K Dcv`vbmg~‡n wef³ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i Ges †hb G‡Z we`¨gvb mewKQz GKB iKg _v‡K, G‡Z Avgiv Avgv‡`i Dcjwä †_‡K GKUv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wKQy nvwi‡q †djvi SuywK‡Z c‡o hvB| wKš‘ Avgiv gvK©mev`xMY †KejgvÎ `ywbqvUv‡K e¨vL¨v Kwi †b; Avgiv H ev¯ÍeZv‡K cwieZ©b Kwi| Øvw›ØK `„wófw½ cÖK…wZi mv‡_ Avgv‡`i PjwZ m‡›`nhy³ wPo‡K (problematic rift with nature) †`‡L †kÖYx mgv‡Ri `„wó‡KvY †_‡K Ges mewKQzi gZb GKUv wKQz hv cwieZ©b Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|    

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